{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:01:29Z","timestamp":1792022489648,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to assess the effect of peripheral defocus with orthokeratology lenses (PDOK) on myopia control in children and adolescents through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies on PDOK, using the keywords \u201cperipheral refraction\u201d and \u201corthokeratology\u201d. Studies were included if they reported spherical equivalent (M) peripheral refraction at 25\u00b0 and\/or 30\u00b0 with accompanying statistical data along the horizontal meridian before and after orthokeratology treatment. From the initial 133 studies, those excluded included nine non-English publications, 18 reviews, five meta-analyses, four systematic reviews, and 88 studies not meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: Nine studies (three RCTs and six cohort studies) were included, involving 259 participants aged six to 30 years with a baseline refractive error of M = \u22122.44 \u00b1 0.27 D, and treatment duration ranging from 14 days to 12 months. All the studies showed an increase in myopic defocus at 30\u00b0 nasal (\u22122.55 \u00b1 1.10 D) and temporal (\u22122.79 \u00b1 0.75 D) eccentricities, averaging \u22122.67 \u00b1 0.95 D across both. The overall induced myopic defocus was M = \u22122.56 D (95% CI: \u22122.21 to \u22122.91, Z = 14.33, p &lt; 0.001), according to forest plot analysis. Studies with treatment durations up to one year showed a higher myopic blur (M = \u22122.69 D, 95% CI: \u22122.48 to \u22122.89, Z = 25.93, p &lt; 0.001) compared to shorter treatments of less than three months (M = \u22122.39 D, 95% CI: \u22121.76 to \u22123.02, Z = 7.41, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Orthokeratology lenses effectively induce myopic defocus at 30\u00b0 eccentricity over both short- and long-term treatments in children and adolescents, suggesting potential benefits for myopia control in these age groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T05:47:42Z","timestamp":1737438462000},"page":"662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Peripheral Defocus in Orthokeratology Myopia Correction: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1045-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), School of Science, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities, CF-UM-UP, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), School of Science, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3921-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), School of Science, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities, CF-UM-UP, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.08.010","article-title":"Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: An evidence-based systematic review","volume":"157","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.11.002","article-title":"Global trends in myopia management attitudes and strategies in clinical practice\u20142019 Update","volume":"43","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e28444","article-title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Myopia Progression in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Kurupp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0445","article-title":"Peripheral vision can influence eye growth and refractive development in infant monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1264","article-title":"Effects of foveal ablation on emmetropization and form-deprivation myopia","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00224-6","article-title":"Local changes in eye growth induced by imposed local refractive error despite active accommodation","volume":"37","author":"Diether","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3921\/joptom.2009.29","article-title":"Do peripheral refraction and aberrations profiles vary with the type of myopia?\u2014An illustration using a ray-tracing approach","volume":"2","author":"Bakaraju","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31819fa727","article-title":"A review of peripheral refraction techniques","volume":"86","author":"Fedtke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000306646","article-title":"Acquired myopia in young pilots","volume":"163","author":"Hoogerheide","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0292","article-title":"Eye shape in emmetropia and myopia","volume":"45","author":"Atchison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1118","article-title":"Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia","volume":"48","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.19.002363","article-title":"Peripheral refractive errors in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic young subjects","volume":"19","author":"Seidemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1116585","article-title":"Astigmatic Peripheral Defocus with Different Contact Lenses: Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0562","article-title":"Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia","volume":"48","author":"Mutti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"5426","article-title":"Relative Peripheral Refractive Error and the Risk of Juvenile-Onset Myopia","volume":"49","author":"Mutti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02723-5","article-title":"Optical interventions for myopia control","volume":"38","author":"Logan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000890","article-title":"The Role of Orthokeratology in Myopia Management","volume":"48","author":"Lipson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000232840.66716.af","article-title":"Peripheral refraction in orthokeratology patients","volume":"83","author":"Charman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-018-0106-1","article-title":"Relative peripheral refraction across 4 meridians after orthokeratology and LASIK surgery","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181d951f7","article-title":"Peripheral refraction in myopic patients after orthokeratology","volume":"87","author":"Jorge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.11.008","article-title":"Stability of peripheral refraction changes in orthokeratology for myopia","volume":"43","author":"Gifford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820f16fb","article-title":"Peripheral refraction in myopic children wearing orthokeratology and gas-permeable lenses","volume":"88","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12027","article-title":"Time course of the effects of orthokeratology on peripheral refraction and corneal topography","volume":"33","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2023.101814","article-title":"The effects of base curve aspheric orthokeratology lenses on corneal topography and peripheral refraction: A randomized prospective trial","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Xiong, Y., Qi, X., and Liu, L. (2022). Nasal-temporal asymmetric changes in retinal peripheral refractive error in myopic adolescents induced by overnight orthokeratology lenses. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1006112"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05573-1","article-title":"Comparison of peripheral refraction and higher-order aberrations between orthokeratology and multifocal soft contact lens designed with highly addition","volume":"260","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15217","article-title":"Peripheral refraction, relative peripheral refraction, and axial growth: 18-month data from the randomised study\u2014Clinical study Of Near-sightedness; Treatment with Orthokeratology Lenses (CONTROL study)","volume":"101","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S448815","article-title":"Peripheral Eye Length Evaluation in Myopic Children Undergoing Orthokeratology Treatment for 12 Months Using MRI","volume":"16","author":"Low","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Optom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v15i2.6739","article-title":"Orthokeratology in Moderate Myopia: A Study of Predictability and Safety","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e318232e32d","article-title":"Anterior and posterior corneal elevation after orthokeratology and standard and customized LASIK surgery","volume":"37","author":"Jorge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queir\u00f3s, A., le Moal, P.R., Angioi-Duprez, K., Berrod, J.-P., Conart, J.-B., Chaume, A., and Paun\u00e9, J. (2023). Efficacy of the DRL orthokeratology lens in slowing axial elongation in French children. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1323851"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3182480e97","article-title":"Quality of life of myopic subjects with different methods of visual correction using the NEI RQL-42 questionnaire","volume":"38","author":"Jorge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002119","article-title":"Myopia control: Seeing beyond efficacy","volume":"101","author":"Bullimore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.10.8","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Peripheral Refraction and Higher-Order Wavefront Aberrations Induced by Orthokeratology Lenses Decentration","volume":"12","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2022.2113330","article-title":"Relative peripheral refraction in myopic children wearing orthokeratology lenses using a novel multispectral refraction topographer","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318278153c","article-title":"Peripheral refraction and retinal contour in stable and progressive myopia","volume":"90","author":"Jorge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680590907256","article-title":"The longitudinal orthokeratology research in children (LORIC) in Hong Kong: A pilot study on refractive changes and myopic control","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8453","article-title":"Long-term effect of overnight orthokeratology on axial length elongation in childhood myopia: A 5-year follow-up study","volume":"53","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.151365","article-title":"Corneal reshaping and myopia progression","volume":"93","author":"Walline","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8005","article-title":"Myopia control with orthokeratology contact lenses in Spain: Refractive and biometric changes","volume":"53","author":"Gilmartin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.TJO-D-22-00100","article-title":"Peripheral defocus as it relates to myopia progression: A mini-review","volume":"13","author":"Erdinest","year":"2023","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13104","article-title":"Peripheral optical anisotropy in refractive error groups","volume":"43","author":"Zheleznyak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12354","article-title":"Peripheral aberrations in adult hyperopes, emmetropes and myopes","volume":"37","author":"Osuagwu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31826912cd","article-title":"Repeatability of relative peripheral refraction in untreated and orthokeratology-treated eyes","volume":"89","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2007.00521.x","article-title":"Peripheral refraction measurement: Does it matter if one turns the eye or the head?","volume":"28","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001890","article-title":"Asymmetric Peripheral Refraction Profile in Myopes along the Horizontal Meridian","volume":"99","author":"Yelagondula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1221979","article-title":"Long-term Efficacy of Orthokeratology Contact Lens Wear in Controlling the Progression of Childhood Myopia","volume":"42","author":"Gilmartin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paun\u00e9, J., Fonts, S., Rodr\u00edguez, L., and Queir\u00f3s, A. (2021). The role of back optic zone diameter in myopia control with orthokeratology lenses. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020336"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paun\u00e9, J., Morales, H., Armengol, J., Quevedo, L., Faria-Ribeiro, M., and Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ijome, J.M. (2015). Myopia Control with a Novel Peripheral Gradient Soft Lens and Orthokeratology: A 2-Year Clinical Trial. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/507572"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queir\u00f3s, A., Beaujeux, P., Bloise, L., Chaume, A., Colliot, J.P., Proust, D.P., Rossi, P., Tritsch, B., Crinon, D.B., and Paun\u00e9, J. (2023). Assessment of the Clinical Effectiveness of DRL Orthokeratology Lenses vs. Single-Vision Spectacles in Controlling the Progression of Myopia in Children and Teenagers: 2 Year Retrospective Study. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020402"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Peregrina, S., Casares-L\u00f3pez, M., Castro-Torres, J.J., Anera, R.G., and Artal, P. (2022). Effect of peripheral refractive errors on driving performance. Biomed. Opt. Express, 13.","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.468032"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.6.42","article-title":"Impact of Peripheral Refractive Errors in Mobility Performance","volume":"65","author":"Tabernero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318282951b","article-title":"Adaptation to multifocal and monovision contact lens correction","volume":"90","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan, A., Dorronsoro, C., Sawides, L., and Marcos, S. (2014). Short-term neural adaptation to simultaneous bifocal images. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093089"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz, E.S., Cervi\u00f1o, A., Queiros, A., Villa-Collar, C., Lopes-Ferreira, D., and Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ijome, J.M. (2015). Short-term changes in light distortion in orthokeratology subjects. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/278425"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3282f31758","article-title":"Neuroadaptation of presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses","volume":"19","author":"Pepin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13244","article-title":"Peripheral refraction under different levels of illuminance","volume":"44","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000364","article-title":"The BHVI-eyemapper: Peripheral refraction and aberration profiles","volume":"91","author":"Fedtke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calabuig, A., Pinate, A., Suchkov, N., and Wahl, S. (2022). Model eye assessment by 3D fast-scanning peripheral refraction wavefront sensor. Unconventional Optical Imaging III, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2621558"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1515\/aot-2022-0003","article-title":"Impacts of the gradient-index crystalline lens structure on its peripheral optical power profile","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcell\u00e1n, M.C., \u00c1vila, F.J., Ares, J., and Rem\u00f3n, L. (2023). Peripheral Refraction of Two Myopia Control Contact Lens Models in a Young Myopic Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021258"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20170106-01","article-title":"Update on orthokeratology in managing progressive myopia in children: Efficacy, mechanisms, and concerns","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2024.02.15","article-title":"One-year results for myopia control of orthokeratology with different back optic zone diameters: A randomized trial using a novel multispectral-based topographer","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2014.08.001","article-title":"Peripheral myopization and visual performance with experimental rigid gas permeable and soft contact lens design","volume":"37","author":"Queiros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"236","article-title":"Efficacy and security of orthokeratology lens on myopia progression in teenagers for 5 years","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.09.001","article-title":"Corneal morphology and visual outcomes in LASIK patients after orthokeratology: A pilot study","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-024-03175-w","article-title":"Benefits and risks of orthokeratology treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Sartor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Z., Wang, J., Zhu, M., Lin, Z., Zhao, J., Tang, Y., and Deng, H. (2022). Does Orthokeratology Wearing Affect the Tear Quality of Children?. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.773484"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.105186","article-title":"Data on assessment of safety and tear proteome change in response to orthokeratology lens\u2014Insight from integrating clinical data and next generation proteomics","volume":"29","author":"Tse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Br."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000499","article-title":"A Review of Current Concepts of the Etiology and Treatment of Myopia","volume":"44","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queir\u00f3s, A. (2024). New Frontiers in Myopia Progression in Children. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237314"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/3\/662\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:32:35Z","timestamp":1759919555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/3\/662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14030662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14030662","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]}}}