{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:40:52Z","timestamp":1790444452150,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a clinical syndrome affecting persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of the study was to present the experience of individuals with SCI and AD in Croatia. Single-center questionnaire study. Setting: Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia. Persons with SCI were divided into those with an SCI at T6 and above (n = 41) and those with an SCI at T7 and below (n = 29). Based on anamnestic data, patients with an SCI at T6 and above were further divided into those with and without self-reported clinical symptoms of AD (respectively: n = 33 and n = 8). Methods: The online survey included 23 questions of various types. It consisted of a general (demographic) section, section with specific questions about AD, and a section on self-assessment and quality of life. Based on the answers, the experience and knowledge of AD among individuals with an SCI in Croatia was assessed. Results: A total of 70 individuals with an SCI completed the whole survey. The average age was 40.6 years. The patients were predominantly male (72.9%) and mostly with a traumatic SCI (84.3%). Of the 70 individuals with an SCI, 35 (50%) reported they were familiar with AD, with the majority indicating that the internet was their primary source of information. Among those with an SCI who were unaware of AD, most (34\/35 = 97.1%) wanted to learn about AD. The self-assessed quality of life was insignificantly better in patients with an SCI below T6 than in those with higher lesions. Patients with AD reported different symptoms and the most frequently reported symptom was a headache (70%). In 64% of participants, the primary trigger of AD were issues with the urinary bladder. In most individuals (55%), symptoms were not recognized by the healthcare providers. The individuals with AD were dissatisfied with the information about AD they received from doctors or nurses. Overall, 61% of all participants with AD rated their quality of life as good. Conclusions: Persons with an SCI are not adequately informed about AD. In most persons with AD, their symptoms are not properly recognized by healthcare providers. Our results suggest the need for more education of healthcare professionals about AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T05:47:42Z","timestamp":1737438462000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On-Line Survey About Autonomic Dysreflexia in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury in Croatia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5696-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean","family":"Marki\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017deljka","family":"Mini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Drug Development, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josip","family":"\u0160imi\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adriainvest Engineering, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Kuljani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josip","family":"Str\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bonifa\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan Marin","family":"Su\u0161anj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6622-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ante","family":"Jak\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Sve\u0161ko Visentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ehrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marin","family":"Marinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henke, A.M., Billington, Z.J., and Gater, D.R. 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