{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:16:20Z","timestamp":1776878180384,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a chronic complication of breast cancer treatment, leading to physical and psychological morbidity. While widely studied globally, the prevalence and risk factors for BCRL in Israeli patients remain unexplored. This study\u2019s objectives were to determine the prevalence of BCRL in Israeli women treated for breast cancer, validate the Hebrew-translated Norman Questionnaire (NQ) for BCRL screening, and identify risk factors associated with the condition. Methods: A single-center study was conducted at Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, including 181 patients who underwent unilateral axillary lymph node interventions between 2015 and 2018. Participants completed the Hebrew-translated NQ, which was validated through clinical evaluation and circumference-based volume measurements in a subset of 20 patients. Prevalence rates and risk factors were analyzed using multivariate modeling. Results: The prevalence of BCRL was 20%, with rates varying by procedure: 8.9% for sentinel lymph node biopsy, 19.6% for lymph node sampling, and 37.5% for axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Of the 35 patients with BCRL, only 14% had been previously diagnosed. Risk factors included ALND (OR = 97.31), a higher lymph node excision count (OR = 0.81), and referral to physiotherapy (OR = 133.50). The Hebrew NQ demonstrated strong validity (rs = 0.852; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: This is the first study to estimate BCRL prevalence in Israeli women, highlighting underdiagnosis and the need for improved early detection. The Hebrew NQ is a reliable screening tool, enabling timely referral and intervention. Early diagnosis is crucial for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the quality of life of BCRL patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T05:50:53Z","timestamp":1737525053000},"page":"688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema in Israeli Women Following Axillary Procedures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5993-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Josef","family":"Kedar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Zvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriana","family":"Haran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lior","family":"Sherker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sernitski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadav","family":"Oppenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eran","family":"Nizri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peritoneal Surface Malignancy and Melanoma Unit, Department of Surgery B Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2654-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoav","family":"Barnea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2024.102124","article-title":"Breast cancer-related Lymphedema: A critical review on recent progress","volume":"56","author":"Sharifi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg. 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