{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:20:55Z","timestamp":1783448455536,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Left ventricular hypertrabeculation is one of the most debated conditions in modern cardiology. Many studies have tried to characterise this disease by addressing the various clinical risks and diagnostic tools, but its very nosological existence is currently being challenged. The latest ESC guidelines on cardiomyopathies state that it should be addressed as a morphologic trait rather than an intrinsic disease of the cardiac muscle. Despite the huge number of diagnostic criteria and possible phenocopies, no specific consensus identifies a specific flowchart regarding the management of patients with suspected hypertrabeculation. This review aims to provide a clinical approach for patients with a phenotypical appearance of excessive trabeculation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T05:50:53Z","timestamp":1737525053000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["How to Approach Left Ventricular Hypertrabeculation: A Practical Guide and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology Unit IRCCS INRCA, Via della Montagnola 81, 60127 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuele","family":"Principi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Marche University Hospital, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3719-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Barbarossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Marche University Hospital, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7095-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Stronati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology Unit IRCCS INRCA, Via della Montagnola 81, 60127 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Antonicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit IRCCS INRCA, Via della Montagnola 81, 60127 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Casella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Dello Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Marche University Hospital, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5394-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology Unit IRCCS INRCA, Via della Montagnola 81, 60127 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Marche University Hospital, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad194","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies","volume":"44","author":"Arbelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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