{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:42:54Z","timestamp":1783507374086,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government and InnoHK","award":["RP1.4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP1.4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: We aimed to investigate how optometrists in Hong Kong are managing myopic and \u201cpre-myopic\u201d children. Methods: Clinical files for children aged 6 to 10 years old who had eye examinations from 2017 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Children were grouped by the initial spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) as myopes or pre-myopes. The demographic data, refractive error, and myopia management recommended by the optometrists were analyzed. Results: A total of 1,318 children (859 myopes and 459 pre-myopes) from ten clinics in Hong Kong were included. Over 5 years, myopia management recommendations shifted significantly (p &lt; 0.001). In 2017, only 18.4% of children were recommended to pursue myopia control (MC), increasing to 42.8% by 2021. The use of MC spectacle lenses increased from 7.3% in 2017 to 36.8% in 2021, becoming the most recommended option. Orthokeratology, MC contact lenses, and atropine remained stable at less than 5% over this period. Children recommended for MC approaches had significantly more myopia than those recommended single-vision lenses or monitoring (p &lt; 0.05). Age of the first visit significantly correlated with SER change from the first visit to the next recommendation update for pre-myopes (r = 0.27, p = 0.013) but not for myopes. Conclusions: From 2017 to 2021, myopia management patterns in Hong Kong shifted significantly, with more children being recommended for myopia control. MC spectacle lenses emerged as the most commonly recommended method. Younger pre-myopes at their first visit were more likely to have earlier management updates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T05:50:53Z","timestamp":1737525053000},"page":"698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Myopia Management in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4932-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han-Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Yu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth Ka King","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Pui","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3832-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6808-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carly Siu Yin","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia","volume":"32","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. 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