{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:50:38Z","timestamp":1790041838389,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Given the relationship between reduced pulmonary and respiratory muscle function in neck pain, incorporating breathing exercises into neck pain management may be beneficial. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of breathing exercises for treating neck pain. Methods: We searched PubMed (MEDLINE), PEDro, CINAHL, Scopus, and EMBASE databases, up to the 28 of February 2024. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the impact of breathing exercises on reducing pain and disability in both persistent and recent neck pain were selected. A meta-analysis was conducted for each outcome of interest; however, if quantitative methods were not possible, a qualitative synthesis approach was used. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 Tool (version 22 August 2019). We used the GRADE approach to judge the certainty of the evidence. Results: Five studies were included. Meta-analysis showed a statistically significant reduction in pain (standardized mean difference (SMD), \u221210.16; 95% CI: \u221214.82, \u22125.50) and disability (SMD, \u22120.80; 95% CI: \u22121.49, \u22120.11), in favor of breathing exercises. Qualitative synthesis for pulmonary functional parameters resulted in a statistically significant improvement for FVC, MIP, MEP, and MVV, in favor of breathing exercises. Conclusions: Breathing exercises showed significant short-term effects in reducing pain and disability for persistent neck pain. They also provided benefits for functional respiratory parameters. However, the evidence certainty is low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T09:52:20Z","timestamp":1737539540000},"page":"709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of Breathing Exercises on Neck Pain Management: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4195-3921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"Cefal\u00ec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, LUNEX University of Applied Sciences, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Luxembourg Health & Sport Sciences Research Institute A.s.b.l., 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciencies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7168-5762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciencies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9683-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Maselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciencies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Sovrintendenza Sanitaria Regionale Puglia INAIL, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Rossettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciencies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Crestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciencies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6960-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziana","family":"Lullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciencies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Academy of Manipulative Therapy Fellowship in Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"Tybee Wellness & Osteopractic, Tybee Island, GA 31328, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1194-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Dunning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Academy of Manipulative Therapy Fellowship in Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"Montgomery Osteopractic Physical Therapy & Acupuncture Clinic, Montgomery, AL 36106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3130-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael Martins","family":"de Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, LUNEX University of Applied Sciences, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Luxembourg Health & Sport Sciences Research Institute A.s.b.l., 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8981-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firas","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, LUNEX University of Applied Sciences, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Luxembourg Health & Sport Sciences Research Institute A.s.b.l., 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Neck Pain Collaborators (2024). 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