{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:13:23Z","timestamp":1784891603722,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82273531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273531"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82304016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304016"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82473524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473524"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82330098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330098"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82404141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404141"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82404144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404144"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SHDC22022302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22022302"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No-shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No-shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3601800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601800"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["23XD1400400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1400400"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["82273531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273531"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["82304016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304016"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["82473524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473524"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["82330098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330098"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["82404141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404141"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["82404144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404144"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["SHDC22022302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22022302"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["No-shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No-shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["2022YFC3601800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601800"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","award":["23XD1400400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1400400"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["82273531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273531"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["82304016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304016"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["82473524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473524"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["82330098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330098"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["82404141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404141"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["82404144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404144"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["SHDC22022302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22022302"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["No-shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No-shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["2022YFC3601800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601800"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center","award":["23XD1400400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1400400"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["82273531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273531"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["82304016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304016"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["82473524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473524"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["82330098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330098"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["82404141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404141"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["82404144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404144"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["SHDC22022302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22022302"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["No-shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No-shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["2022YFC3601800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning","award":["23XD1400400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1400400"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["82273531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273531"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["82304016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304016"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["82473524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473524"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["82330098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330098"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["82404141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404141"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["82404144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404144"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["SHDC22022302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22022302"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["No-shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No-shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["2022YFC3601800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty","award":["23XD1400400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1400400"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82273531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82304016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82473524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82330098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82404141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82404144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SHDC22022302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22022302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No-shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No-shslczdzk01002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3601800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23XD1400400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1400400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["82273531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273531"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["82304016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304016"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["82473524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473524"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["82330098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330098"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["82404141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404141"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["82404144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82404144"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-01-07-00-07-E00078"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["SHDC22022302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22022302"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["2023ZZ02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ02018"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["No-shslczdzk01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No-shslczdzk01002"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["2022YFC3601800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601800"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic\/Technology Research Leader","award":["23XD1400400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1400400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. However, variations in its clinical presentations across different ages, genders, anatomical sites, and seasons remain incompletely understood. The objective was to explore the clinical heterogeneities of AD using data from the Chinese non-selective registration system. Methods: A prospective analysis was conducted on 3829 AD patients enrolled in the Chinese Non-selective Registry for AD (CNRAD) at hospital settings from 2020 to 2022. Demographic profiles; distribution, type, and severity of the skin lesion; laboratory findings; allergic comorbidities; family history; and exacerbating factors were analyzed. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 0.92 among adolescent and adult AD patients but increased to 2.11 in elderly AD patients, highlighting an age-dependent gender difference in AD prevalence. Age groups displayed distinct anatomical preferences for lesion distribution, with reduced involvement of the cubital and popliteal fossae in adult and elderly patients. Based on skin lesion characteristics, ten clinical subtypes of AD were proposed. Elderly AD patients exhibited higher severity, compared to adolescence and adult AD patients, with male patients being more severe than females. Elderly AD patients showed a lower proportion of extrinsic type, compared to childhood AD patients. Seasonal change emerged as the most important factor triggering AD flares. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the heterogeneities of AD clinical manifestations in the Chinese population, demonstrating their significant dependence on temporal factors, including age and season.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T08:57:48Z","timestamp":1738054668000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Temporal and Topographical Heterogeneities in Clinical Manifestations of Atopic Dermatitis in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9354-4899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huibin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangshang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4119-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuemeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4073-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuoqiong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5467-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoying","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1186-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.09.035","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the regional and age-related differences in atopic dermatitis clinical characteristics","volume":"80","author":"Yew","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2021.07.003","article-title":"Subtypes of atopic dermatitis: From phenotype to endotype","volume":"71","author":"Tokura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.6408","article-title":"The Heterogeneity of Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"21","author":"Chovatiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.10.032","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis endotypes and implications for targeted therapeutics","volume":"143","author":"Czarnowicki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.08.024","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis in African American patients is TH2\/TH22-skewed with TH1\/TH17 attenuation","volume":"122","author":"Sanyal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100604","article-title":"The prevalence and year lived with disability of atopic dermatitis in China: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Li, P., Tang, J., Han, X., Zou, X., Xu, G., Xu, Z., Wei, F., Liu, Q., and Wang, M. (2016). Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Chinese Children aged 1\u20137\u2009ys. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29751"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15618","article-title":"Phenotypic analysis of atopic dermatitis in children aged 1\u201312 months: Elaboration of novel diagnostic criteria for infants in China and estimation of prevalence","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03953.x","article-title":"Clinical features of atopic dermatitis in a hospital-based setting in China","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.178960","article-title":"Clinical Features of Adult\/Adolescent Atopic Dermatitis and Chinese Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08412.x","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis: A systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Brenninkmeijer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.10.010","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis","volume":"70","author":"Eichenfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.05.028","article-title":"Persistence of atopic dermatitis (AD): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.023","article-title":"Moving toward endotypes in atopic dermatitis: Identification of patient clusters based on serum biomarker analysis","volume":"140","author":"Thijs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.09.031","article-title":"Evolution of pathologic T-cell subsets in patients with atopic dermatitis from infancy to adulthood","volume":"145","author":"Czarnowicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15741","article-title":"Age of onset defines two distinct profiles of atopic dermatitis in adults","volume":"78","author":"Facheris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000837","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes of adult atopic dermatitis and related therapies","volume":"22","author":"Patruno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"44","article-title":"Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis","volume":"92","author":"Hanifin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenereol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"12","article-title":"Phenotypes of atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Pugliarello","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12933","article-title":"Clinical heterogeneity and differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis","volume":"170","author":"Deleuran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.03.007","article-title":"Typical and atypical clinical appearance of atopic dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Silverberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20406223211002979","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223211002979","article-title":"Nomenclature and clinical phenotypes of atopic dermatitis","volume":"12","author":"Girolomoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1159\/000252484","article-title":"Cutaneous amyloidosis associated with atopic disorders","volume":"141","author":"Shanon","year":"1970","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.008","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes and endophenotypes of atopic dermatitis: Where are we, and where should we go?","volume":"139","author":"Bieber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Italian Adult Atopic Dermatitis Study Group, Megna, M., Patruno, C., Balato, A., Rongioletti, F., Stingeni, L., and Balato, N. (2017). An Italian multicentre study on adult atopic dermatitis: Persistent versus adult-onset disease. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 309, 443\u2013452.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1739-y"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15721","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: Correlation of distinct risk factors with age of onset in adulthood compared to childhood","volume":"78","author":"Maintz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00453-7","article-title":"Adult-Onset Atopic Dermatitis: Characteristics and Management","volume":"20","author":"Vakharia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16346","article-title":"Distinct clinical features and serum cytokine pattern of elderly atopic dermatitis in China","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"166","article-title":"Psoriasis dermatitis: A new entity or a different phenotypic expression of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis?","volume":"159","author":"Bardazzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Dermatol. Venerol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14016","article-title":"Climate change and atopic dermatitis: Is there a link?","volume":"58","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2017.9.2.158","article-title":"Clinical Diversity of Atopic Dermatitis: A Review of 5000 Patients at a Single Institute","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.05869.x","article-title":"Factors influencing atopic dermatitis\u2014A questionnaire survey of schoolchildren\u2019s perceptions","volume":"150","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzum, A., Ciccarese, G., Occella, C., Gariazzo, L., Pastorino, C., Trave, I., and Viglizzo, G. (2023). Treatment of Pediatric Anogenital Warts in the Era of HPV-Vaccine: A Literature Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134230"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00856-1","article-title":"Secondary Bacterial Infections in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis or Other Common Dermatoses","volume":"25","author":"Salle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/3\/840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:11Z","timestamp":1759919831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/3\/840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14030840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14030840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}}}