{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:35:20Z","timestamp":1785357320611,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund)","award":["FIS PI16\/00471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PI16\/00471"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund)","award":["PI17\/00232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/00232"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund)","award":["PI20\/00334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00334"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund)","award":["FI20\/00252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI20\/00252"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III predoctoral contract","award":["FIS PI16\/00471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS PI16\/00471"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III predoctoral contract","award":["PI17\/00232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/00232"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III predoctoral contract","award":["PI20\/00334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00334"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III predoctoral contract","award":["FI20\/00252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI20\/00252"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Increased epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume is a common feature in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) which is directly associated with heart failure and advanced atherosclerosis. We aimed to evaluate lipoprotein-related biomarkers of EAT volume in T2DM patients before and after glycemic control. Methods: This study included 36 T2DM patients before and after optimization of glycemic control and on 14 healthy controls (HCs). EAT volume was measured using computed tomography imaging indexed to the body surface area (iEAT). Biochemical and lipid profiles were determined using commercial methods. Lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and variables of lipoprotein function were assessed. Multivariable regression analysis was used to find variables independently associated with iEAT. Results: iEAT was higher in T2DM than in controls and decreased with glycemic optimization. HDLs from T2DM had less apoA-I and cholesterol and more apoC-III and triglycerides. LDLs from T2DM had more triglycerides and apoB and smaller sizes than those from HCs. Significant correlations were found between iEAT and age, BMI, HbA1c, GGT, VLDLc, triglycerides, LDL size, apoA-I in HDL, and apoC-III in HDL. In the multivariable regression analysis, age, LDL size, and GGT associations remained statistically significant, and predicted 50% of the variability in EAT volume. ROC analysis using these variables showed an AUC of 0.835. Conclusions: Qualitative characteristics of lipoproteins were altered in T2DM. Multivariable analysis showed that LDL size and GGT plasma levels were independently associated with iEAT volume, suggesting that these variables might be useful biomarkers for stratifying T2DM patients with increased EAT volume.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T08:57:48Z","timestamp":1738054668000},"page":"862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfraction Phenotype Is Associated with Epicardial Adipose Tissue Volume in Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5725-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rives","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3707-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Gil-Millan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3638-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Vilad\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6682-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Garc\u00eda-Osuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6834-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idoia","family":"Genua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inka","family":"Mi\u00f1ambres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Grau-Agramunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignasi","family":"Gich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4699-3162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3565-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Benitez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6531-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Julve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-1143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0224-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308999","article-title":"Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Compendium","volume":"118","author":"Scherer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. 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