{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:42:27Z","timestamp":1791607347109,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to identify and appraise the evidence on the effectiveness of using wearable devices to promote physical activity and reduce pain in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Methods: Systematic searches of electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, and Medline (Ovid) were undertaken for randomised control trials and observational studies of wearable-based interventions in patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions. Result: Thirteen studies were included in this review. The methodological quality of the included articles was found to vary between moderate and high quality. Studies included patients with osteoarthritis hip\/knee (number; n = 5), low back pain (n = 3), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 1), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n = 1), inflammatory arthritis (n = 1), spondylarthritis (n = 1), and ankylosing spondylitis (n = 1). The intervention group of some of the studies included additional components associated with the use of wearable devices such as step or diet diary, motivational interviewing or counselling, goal setting, and multidimensional and tailored exercise programme interventions delivered in person, remotely, or in a hybrid format. Intervention duration ranged from 1 week to 28 weeks. There were no serious adverse events related to the use of wearables. Overall, evidence from this systematic review shows that wearable technology intervention was effective in increasing physical activity significantly, especially where extra components (counselling, coaching, prescribed physical activity, goal setting, physiotherapist) were used among clinical and non-clinical populations. However, no significant effect was found in pain reduction with the use of wearable devices. Conclusions: It is concluded that the use of wearable technology should be encouraged in patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions. Additional research is needed, such as increasing the duration of the intervention, which may have an impact on pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14031003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T05:50:36Z","timestamp":1738734636000},"page":"1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Can Wearable Device Promote Physical Activity and Reduce Pain in People with Chronic Musculoskeletal Conditions?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4606-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kereaseen Oluwatobiloba","family":"Eboreime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK"},{"name":"Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine, London WC1N 3HR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4513-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John G.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK"},{"name":"Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine, London WC1N 3HR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5451-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, June 03). Musculoskeletal Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/musculoskeletal-conditions."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Other Musculoskeletal Disorders Collaborators (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of other musculoskeletal disorders, 1990\u20132020, and projections to 2050: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol., 5, e670\u2013e682."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012331","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012331","article-title":"Development and initial cohort validation of the Arthritis Research UK Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) for use across musculoskeletal care pathways","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15617","DOI":"10.2196\/15617","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Digital Health Interventions in the Management of Musculoskeletal Conditions: Systematic Literature Review","volume":"22","author":"Hewitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S288401","article-title":"Pain and Function in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain-Treating the Whole Person","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2020-0323","article-title":"Evidence on Physical Activity and the Prevention of Frailty and Sarcopenia Among Older People: A Systematic Review to Inform the World Health Organization Physical Activity Guidelines","volume":"17","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00235-2","article-title":"Management of Musculoskeletal Pain: An Update with Emphasis on Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain","volume":"10","author":"Nalamasu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnw002","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Health Conditions Represent a Global Threat to Healthy Aging: A Report for the 2015 World Health Organization World Report on Ageing and Health","volume":"56","author":"Briggs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.03.019","article-title":"The global prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among operating room personnel: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Tavakkol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, A., Kamper, S.J., Wiggers, J.H., O\u2019Brien, K.M., Lee, H., Wolfenden, L., Yoong, S.L., Robson, E., McAuley, J.H., and Hartvigsen, J. (2018). Musculoskeletal conditions may increase the risk of chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1151-2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2018.1444119","article-title":"Factors influencing physiotherapists\u2019 attitudes and beliefs toward chronic low back pain: Impact of a care network belonging","volume":"35","author":"Petit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Corte-Rodriguez, H., Roman-Belmonte, J.M., Resino-Luis, C., Madrid-Gonzalez, J., and Rodriguez-Merchan, E.C. (2024). The Role of Physical Exercise in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Best Medicine-A Narrative Review. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12020242"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krakowski, P., Rejniak, A., Sobczyk, J., and Karpinski, R. (2024). Cartilage Integrity: A Review of Mechanical and Frictional Properties and Repair Approaches in Osteoarthritis. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12161648"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denche-Zamorano, A., Pereira-Payo, D., Collado-Mateo, D., Adsuar-Sala, J.C., Tomas-Carus, P., and Parraca, J.A. (2024). Physical Function, Self-Perceived Physical Fitness, Falls, Quality of Life and Degree of Disability According to Fear and Risk of Falling in Women with Fibromyalgia. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk9030174"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.20230801.oo","article-title":"Overview of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Scientific Understanding of the Disease","volume":"34","author":"Jahid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d1165","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1165","article-title":"All cause and disease specific mortality in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: Population based cohort study","volume":"342","author":"Nuesch","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, (NICE) (2021). Chronic Pain (Primary and Secondary) in Over 16s: Assessment of All Chronic Pain and Management of Chronic Primary Pain, NICE."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"CD011279","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: An overview of Cochrane Reviews","volume":"4","author":"Geneen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan, K.P., Kadam, U.T., Hayward, R., Porcheret, M., Young, C., and Croft, P. (2010). Annual consultation prevalence of regional musculoskeletal problems in primary care: An observational study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-144"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirsch Micheletti, J., Blafoss, R., Sundstrup, E., Bay, H., Pastre, C.M., and Andersen, L.L. (2019). Association between lifestyle and musculoskeletal pain: Cross-sectional study among 10,000 adults from the general working population. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-3002-5"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11819","DOI":"10.2196\/11819","article-title":"Consumer-Based Wearable Activity Trackers Increase Physical Activity Participation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Brickwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e615","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00111-X","article-title":"Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: A systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"4","author":"Ferguson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2055668319839607","article-title":"Wearable technologies for active living and rehabilitation: Current research challenges and future opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Rodgers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40391","DOI":"10.2196\/40391","article-title":"Wearable Activity Tracker Use and Physical Activity Among Informal Caregivers in the United States: Quantitative Study","volume":"10","author":"Mahmood","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06234-5","article-title":"The association between wearable activity monitor metrics and performance status in oncology: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Kos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmieri, M., Donno, L., Cimolin, V., and Galli, M. (2023). Cervical Range of Motion Assessment through Inertial Technology: A Validity and Reliability Study. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23136013"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.06.013","article-title":"Wearable Movement Sensors for Rehabilitation: A Focused Review of Technological and Clinical Advances","volume":"10","author":"Porciuncula","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab700","article-title":"Consumer-based activity trackers in evaluation of physical activity in myositis patients","volume":"61","author":"Saygin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16674","DOI":"10.2196\/16674","article-title":"Low-Cost Consumer-Based Trackers to Measure Physical Activity and Sleep Duration Among Adults in Free-Living Conditions: Validation Study","volume":"8","author":"Degroote","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2017.23.1.4","article-title":"Wearable Devices in Medical Internet of Things: Scientific Research and Commercially Available Devices","volume":"23","author":"Haghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthc. Inform. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040","article-title":"Physical activity and depression: Towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity","volume":"107","author":"Kandola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.220140","article-title":"Impact of a Wearable Activity Tracker on Disease Flares in Spondyloarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"49","author":"Labat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-018-0016-9","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: Pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piwek, L., Ellis, D.A., Andrews, S., and Joinson, A. (2016). The Rise of Consumer Health Wearables: Promises and Barriers. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001953"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458218796634","article-title":"No exchange, same pain, no gain: Risk-reward of wearable healthcare disclosure of health personally identifiable information for enhanced pain treatment","volume":"25","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744133108004453","article-title":"Systematic reviews\u2014Do they \u2019work\u2019 in informing decision-making around health inequalities?","volume":"3","author":"Petticrew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Econ. Policy Law"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513497567","article-title":"How to write a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Taylor, J., Jesson, J.K., Matheson, L., and Lacey, F.M. (2011). Doing Your Literature Review\u2014Traditional and Systematic Techniques, SAGE Publications Ltd."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2018.283","article-title":"A systematic approach to searching: An efficient and complete method to develop literature searches","volume":"106","author":"Bramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Libr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Williamson, G., and Whittaker, A. (2017). Succeeding in Literature Reviews and Research Project Plans for Nursing Students, Learning Matters."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Methley, A.M., Campbell, S., Chew-Graham, C., McNally, R., and Cheraghi-Sohi, S. (2014). PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: A comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0579-0"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12884","article-title":"Improving the usefulness of a tool for appraising the quality of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies, the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT)","volume":"24","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.002","article-title":"Testing the reliability and efficiency of the pilot Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for systematic mixed studies review","volume":"49","author":"Pace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani, H., Mackey, M., Stamatakis, E., and Shirley, D. (2021). Wearables-based walking program in addition to usual physiotherapy care for the management of patients with low back pain at medium or high risk of chronicity: A pilot randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256459"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amorim, A.B., Pappas, E., Simic, M., Ferreira, M.L., Jennings, M., Tiedemann, A., Carvalho-e-Silva, A.P., Caputo, E., Kongsted, A., and Ferreirra, P.H. (2019). Integrating Mobile-health, health coaching, and physical activity to reduce the burden of chronic low back pain trial (IMPACT): A pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2454-y"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1669","article-title":"Influence of the Fitbit Charge HR on physical activity, aerobic fitness and disability in non-specific back pain participants","volume":"57","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostlind, E., Eek, F., Stigmar, K., Sant\u2019Anna, A., and Hansson, E.E. (2022). Promoting work ability with a wearable activity tracker in working age individuals with hip and\/or knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05041-1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-022-01121-0","article-title":"Linking physical activity to personal values: Feasibility and acceptability randomized pilot of a behavioral intervention for older adults with osteoarthritis pain","volume":"8","author":"Kelleher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29703","DOI":"10.2196\/29703","article-title":"Adherence, Efficacy, and Safety of Wearable Technology-Assisted Combined Home-Based Exercise in Chinese Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: Randomized Pilot Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24199","article-title":"Efficacy of a Physical Activity Counseling Program with Use of a Wearable Tracker in People with Inflammatory Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19116","DOI":"10.2196\/19116","article-title":"Effects of a 12-Week Multifaceted Wearable-Based Program for People with Knee Osteoarthritis: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.7863","article-title":"A Community-Based Physical Activity Counselling Program for People with Knee Osteoarthritis: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of the Track-OA Study","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8514","article-title":"Efficacy of a Community-Based Technology-Enabled Physical Activity Counseling Program for People with Knee Osteoarthritis: Proof-of-Concept Study","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23230","article-title":"Physical Activity to Reduce Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"70","author":"Katz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-018-0282-5","article-title":"A wearable activity tracker intervention for promoting physical activity in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Heale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ece12","article-title":"2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: A second update of codes and MET values","volume":"43","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posadzki, P., Pieper, D., Bajpai, R., Makaruk, H., K\u00f6nsgen, N., Neuhaus, A.L., and Semwal, M. (2020). Exercise\/physical activity and health outcomes: An overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09855-3"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.09.006","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the hypoalgesic effects of exercise","volume":"13","author":"Naugle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovacevic, I., Pavic, J., Filipovic, B., Ozimec Vulinec, S., Ilic, B., and Petek, D. (2024). Integrated Approach to Chronic Pain-The Role of Psychosocial Factors and Multidisciplinary Treatment: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21091135"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000515576","article-title":"Wearable Devices: Current Status and Opportunities in Pain Assessment and Management","volume":"5","author":"Leroux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182a69cf1","article-title":"Self-reported physical activity predicts pain inhibitory and facilitatory function","volume":"46","author":"Naugle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273355","article-title":"Does exercise increase or decrease pain? Central mechanisms underlying these two phenomena","volume":"595","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030: More Active People for a Healthier World, WHO."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC) (2018). Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/3\/1003\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:27:08Z","timestamp":1760027228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/3\/1003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14031003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14031003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]}}}