{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T23:35:57Z","timestamp":1782776157481,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["M3.1.a\/F\/029\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.1.a\/F\/029\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["FCT-UIDB\/00329\/2020-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/00329\/2020-2024"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00329\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00329\/2025"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Programme Centro 2020","award":["M3.1.a\/F\/029\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.1.a\/F\/029\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Programme Centro 2020","award":["FCT-UIDB\/00329\/2020-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/00329\/2020-2024"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Programme Centro 2020","award":["UID\/00329\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00329\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Programme Centro 2020","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Regional Operational Programme Centro 2020","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"QREN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M3.1.a\/F\/029\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.1.a\/F\/029\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"QREN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT-UIDB\/00329\/2020-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/00329\/2020-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"QREN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/00329\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00329\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"QREN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"QREN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["M3.1.a\/F\/029\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M3.1.a\/F\/029\/2022"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["FCT-UIDB\/00329\/2020-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-UIDB\/00329\/2020-2024"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["UID\/00329\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00329\/2025"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic disorders comprising dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, and abdominal obesity, is a silent epidemic that may lead to outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Due to the increase in the prevalence of these pathologies, the search for better treatments and more efficient drugs is imperative. Species of Artemisia and Salvia genera are excellent examples of noteworthy sources of bioactive products with health applications, their therapeutic properties being well known both in popular medicine and in the scientific community. There are reports of plant extracts or compounds from species belonging to either of these genera, which were able to combat cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular pathologies. For instance, dihydroartemisinin (analog of artemisin extracted from Artemisia annua L.) can reduce tumor markers p53 and Ki-67 expression levels, leading to a reduction in tumor proliferation. Salvia officinalis L. has antihyperglycemic and lipid profile-improving effects since it decreases total cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Clinical trials using mixtures (dried powdered plants or extracts) of known medicinal plants are recurrent in published works, in contrast with the scarce clinical trial studies with isolated compounds. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. was by far the most targeted plant in the clinical trials analyzed here. Regarding clinical trials concerning Artemisia, there are more studies aiming to see its effect on diabetes, but the studies about cancer are more advanced. This review aims to give a critical summary of the most interesting and promising results from clinical trials. The abundance of studies with limited statistically significant clinical evidence hinders progress in clinical therapy. This situation demands far greater rigor from the scientific community, researchers, regulatory agencies, editors, and reviewers in conducting and publishing clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14031028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T06:30:29Z","timestamp":1738823429000},"page":"1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Artemisia and Salvia Genera in Cancer, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Short Review of Clinical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9817-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson R.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Azores, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Azorean Biodiversity Group & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), 9501-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7709-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M. L.","family":"Seca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Azores, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Azorean Biodiversity Group & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), 9501-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5797-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Carmo","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Azores, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Azorean Biodiversity Group & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), 9501-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahed, G., Aoun, L., Zerdan, M.B., Allam, S., Zerdan, M.B., Bouferraa, Y., and Assi, H.I. (2022). Metabolic syndrome: Updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020786"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2020.10.012","article-title":"Sleep and metabolic syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Chasens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.04.009","article-title":"The investigations of genetic determinants of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Dizaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323071","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders","volume":"70","author":"Agus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhulaifi, F., and Darkoh, C. (2022). Meal timing, meal frequency and metabolic syndrome. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0294.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23444","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction and obesity-related cancer: Beyond obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Karra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battelli, M.G., Bortolotti, M., Polito, L., and Bolognesi, A. (2019). Metabolic syndrome and cancer risk: The role of xanthine oxidoreductase. Redox Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.101070"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511100320X","article-title":"Visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and cancer","volume":"71","author":"Doyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3","article-title":"Between religion and science: Some aspects concerning illness and healing in antiquity","volume":"24","author":"Popa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transylv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001","DOI":"10.1097\/pp9.0000000000000011","article-title":"Traditional knowledge-based medicine: A review of history, principles, and relevance in the present context of P4 systems medicine","volume":"2","author":"Lemonnier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2010.02.008","article-title":"Herbals used for diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Najm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulghani, M.F., and Al-Fayyadh, S. (2024). Natural products for managing metabolic syndrome: A scoping review. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1366946"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boudreau, A., Richard, A.J., Harvey, I., and Stephens, J.M. (2022). Artemisia scoparia and metabolic health: Untapped potential of an ancient remedy for modern use. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.727061"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2021.1871761","article-title":"The potential of Artemisia species for use as broad-spectrum agents in the management of metabolic syndrome: A review","volume":"129","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026623666230914104141","article-title":"Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae): A high-value medicinal plant","volume":"24","author":"Hussain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-016-0157-5","article-title":"Salvia (sage): A review of its potential cognitive-enhancing and protective effects","volume":"17","author":"Lopresti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.08.008","article-title":"Salvia spp. plants-from farm to food applications and phytopharmacotherapy","volume":"80","author":"Ozcelik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.06.029","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Chinese Salvia species: A review","volume":"225","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhumaliyeva, G., Zhussupova, A., Zhusupova, G.E., B\u0142o\u0144ska-Sikora, E., Cerreto, A., Omirbekova, N., Zhunusbayeva, Z., Gemejiyeva, N., Ramazanova, M., and Wrzosek, M. (2023). Natural compounds of Salvia L. genus and molecular mechanism of their biological activity. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11123151"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szopa, A., Pajor, J., Klin, P., Rzepiela, A., Elansary, H.O., Al-Mana, F.A., Mattar, M.A., and Ekiert, H. (2020). Artemisia absinthium L.\u2013Importance in the history of medicine, the latest advances in phytochemistry and therapeutical, cosmetological and culinary uses. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9091063"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9961089","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9961089","article-title":"New evidence for Artemisia absinthium L. application in gastrointestinal ailments: Ethnopharmacology, antimicrobial capacity, cytotoxicity, and phenolic profile","volume":"2021","author":"Ivanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2008.11.001","article-title":"Artemisia afra: A potential flagship for African medicinal plants?","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Septembre-Malaterre, A., Rakoto, M.L., Marodon, C., Bedoui, Y., Nakab, J., Simon, E., Hoarau, L., Savriama, S., Strasberg, D., and Guiraud, P. (2020). Artemisia annua, a traditional plant brought to light. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144986"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1345-9528","article-title":"Artemisia annua\u2014Importance in traditional medicine and current state of knowledge on the chemistry, biological activity and possible applications","volume":"87","author":"Ekiert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"368","article-title":"Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Kurd tribe in Dehloran and Abdanan districts, Ilam province, Iran","volume":"10","author":"Pirbalouti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurlybekova, A., Kudaibergen, A., Kazymbetova, A., Amangeldi, M., Baiseitova, A., Ospanov, M., Aisa, H.A., Ye, Y., Ibrahim, M.A., and Jenis, J. (2022). Traditional use, phytochemical profiles and pharmacological properties of Artemisia genus from Central Asia. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165128"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/2225-4110.130373","article-title":"Chemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal property of sage (Salvia) to prevent and cure illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, depression, dementia, lupus, autism, heart disease, and cancer","volume":"4","author":"Hamidpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rattray, R.D., Mokwena, L., Stander, M.A., and Wyk, B.E.V. (2022). Essential oil composition and traditional uses of Salvia dentata, a poorly known medicinal plant from Namaqualand, South Africa. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196478"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, D.C., Gu, X.-J., and Xiao, P.G. (2015). Phytochemical and biological research of Salvia medicinal resources. Medicinal Plants: Chemistry, Biology and Omics, Woodhead Publishing Limited\u2014Elsevier. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100085-4.00014-1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhankani, A.R., and Patil, S.A. (2023). Salvia hispanica L. seeds: A rare medicinal herb and potential pharmaceutical additive. Med. Sci. Forum., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ECB2023-14356"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00190-7","article-title":"Traditional uses of Salvia libanotica (East Mediterranean sage) and the effects of its essential oils","volume":"71","author":"Hilan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1898","article-title":"The pharmacological effects of Salvia species on the central nervous system","volume":"20","author":"Imanshahidi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.07.016","article-title":"Plants traditionally used in age related brain disorders\u2014A survey of ethnobotanical literature","volume":"113","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.030","article-title":"South African Salvia species: A review of biological activities and phytochemistry","volume":"119","author":"Kamatou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6131","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i43.6131","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza extract may exert an anti-obesity effect in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity by modulating gut microbiome and lipid metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Ai","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9241","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18089241","article-title":"Anti-obesity effect of Artemisia capillaris extracts in high-fat diet-induced obese rats","volume":"18","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5131","article-title":"Artemisia capillaris formula inhibits hepatic steatosis via an miR-122-induced decrease in fatty acid synthase expression in vivo and in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5531","article-title":"Colon cancer chemoprevention by Sage Tea drinking: Decreased DNA damage and cell proliferation","volume":"30","author":"Pedro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z., Woon, C.Y.-N., Liu, C.-G., Cheng, J.-T., You, M., Sethi, G., Wong, A.L.-A., Ho, P.C.-L., Zhang, D., and Ong, P. (2021). Repurposing artemisinin and its derivatives as anticancer drugs: A chance or challenge?. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.828856"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-011-1643-7","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin inhibits angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer by targeting the NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-009-1095-5","article-title":"Artesunate induces oncosis-like cell death in vitro and has antitumor activity against pancreatic cancer xenografts in vivo","volume":"65","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, M., Zhou, L., Huang, Z., Li, B., Nice, E.C., Xu, J., and Huang, C. (2022). Antioxidant therapy in cancer: Rationale and progress. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061128"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1087-8276","article-title":"Current state of the art on the antioxidant activity of Sage (Salvia spp.) and its bioactive components","volume":"86","author":"Poulios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Ma, J., Xing, Y., Shi, L., Zhang, L., Xu, Y., Jin, X., Yan, S., and Shi, B. (2022). Artemisia annua L. aqueous extract promotes intestine immunity and antioxidant function in broilers. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.934021"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2024, October 05). ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration (2019). Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. JAMA Oncol., 5, 1749\u20131768."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.03.017","article-title":"Cancer treatment side effects: A meta-analysis of the relationship between response expectancies and experience","volume":"54","author":"Devlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20080206","article-title":"Artesunate combined with vinorelbine plus cisplatin in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao (J. Chin. Integr. Med.)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2014.11.010","article-title":"A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of oral artesunate therapy for colorectal cancer","volume":"2","author":"Krishna","year":"2014","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-W., Zhu, M.-G., Zhang, Z.-Q., Ye, F.-J., Huang, W.-H., and Luo, X.-Z. (2019). Increased expression of Ki-67 is a poor prognostic marker for colorectal cancer patients: A meta analysis. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5324-y"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"4417","article-title":"First study of oral Artenimol-R in advanced cervical cancer: Clinical benefit, tolerability and tumor markers","volume":"31","author":"Jansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Rowen, R.J. (2002). Artemisinin: From malaria to cancer treatment. TLDP, 86\u201388. Available online: https:\/\/nutrined.com\/system\/files\/Artemisinin%20Article%20-%20Townsend%20Letter.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2298\/AOO0204279S","article-title":"Case report of a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with artesunate","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735406295311","article-title":"Case report of a pituitary macroadenoma treated with artemether","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.11.001","article-title":"Activity of Artemisia annua and artemisinin derivatives, in prostate carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117607","article-title":"The link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease","volume":"394","author":"Catapano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.09.022","article-title":"Identifying adults at high risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease using hemoglobin A1c\u2014National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005\u20132006","volume":"40","author":"Ackermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.1266","article-title":"Dose-response study of sajabalssuk ethanol extract from Artemisia princeps Pampanini on blood glucose in subjects with impaired fasting glucose or mild type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2012.01.009","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of sajabalssuk (Artemisia princeps Pampanini) to treat pre-diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024). American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: Standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 47, S20\u2013S42.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/NDS.S16511","article-title":"Effect of an aqueous Russian tarragon extract on glucose tolerance in response to an oral dextrose load in non-diabetic men","volume":"3","author":"Bloomer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2016.0005","article-title":"Effect of Artemisia dracunculus administration on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in patients with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"19","author":"Villar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.755","article-title":"Artemisia extract improves insulin sensitivity in women with gestational diabetes mellitus by up-regulating adiponectin","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0697-4","article-title":"Maternal circulating levels of some metabolic syndrome biomarkers in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"51","author":"Khosrowbeygi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"981","article-title":"Effect of Gymnema sylvestre, Citrullus colocynthis and Artemisia absinthium on blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic human","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"233","article-title":"Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Artemisia absinthium L., Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. and Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. on type II diabetes hyperlipidemic patients","volume":"17","author":"Hassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Tradit. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy007","article-title":"Ethnicity, obesity and the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in PCOS: A systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"24","author":"Kakoly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102245","article-title":"Efficacy of Salvia officinalis extract on the prevention of insulin resistance in euglycemic patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"48","author":"Amini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2013.07.004","article-title":"Improved glycemic control and lipid profile in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients consuming Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract: A randomized placebo. Controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Kianbakht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"51","article-title":"Effect of Salvia officinalis on diabetic patients","volume":"2","author":"Behradmanesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Renal Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"141","article-title":"Salvia officinalis (Sage) leaf extract as add-on to statin therapy in hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Kianbakht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Cell. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23843","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023843","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza improves type 2 diabetes: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.152871","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza in diabetes: A review of its pharmacology, phytochemistry, and safety","volume":"58","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114346","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) and ligustrazine injection in the adjuvant treatment of early-stage diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"281","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"142","article-title":"Systematic review and Meta-analysis of 26 randomized controlled clinical trials of Compound Danshen Dripping Pill for non-proliferating diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casas, R., Castro-Barquero, S., Estruch, R., and Sacanella, E. (2018). Nutrition and cardiovascular health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123988"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, B., and Gu, N. (2021). Traditional Chinese Medicine for coronary artery disease treatment: Clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.702110"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.08.078","article-title":"Evaluation and management of patients with stable angina: Beyond the ischemia paradigm: JACC State-of-the-art review","volume":"76","author":"Ferraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.981407","article-title":"Nitrate therapy: New aspects concerning molecular action and tolerance","volume":"123","author":"Daiber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5671860","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5671860","article-title":"Investigating the mechanisms of action of depside salt from Salvia miltiorrhiza using bioinformatic analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.01.002","article-title":"A Chinese patent medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza depside salts for infusion combined with conventional treatment for patients with angina pectoris: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y.-Y., Yang, Y.-H., Wang, W.-W., Pan, Y.-T., Zhan, S.-Y., Sun, M.-Y., Zhang, H., and Zhai, S.-D. (2017). Post-marketing safety surveillance of the Salvia miltiorrhiza depside salt for infusion: A real world study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170182"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153419","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and safety of Salvia miltiorrhiza depside salt combined with aspirin in patients with stable angina pectoris: A multicenter, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial","volume":"81","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14638","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014638","article-title":"Compound Salvia pellet might be more effective and safer for chronic stable angina pectoris compared with nitrates: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"98","author":"Huiping","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16812","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28350","article-title":"A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics","volume":"234","author":"Malakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-015-6625-2","article-title":"Rationale and design of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate in left ventricular remodeling secondary to acute myocardial infarction (STAMP-REMODELING) trial: A randomized controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z.-Y., Zhao, W.-R., Zhang, J., Chen, X.-L., and Tang, J.-Y. (2019). Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate: A review of pharmacological activity and pharmacokinetics. Biomed. Pharmacother., 118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109362"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-017-0526-6","article-title":"Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate enhances effectiveness Rt-PA treatment in acute ischemic stroke patients associated with ameliorating blood-brain barrier damage","volume":"8","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756519","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/756519","article-title":"The effect of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfate and simvastatin on elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2013","author":"Shang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9781715","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9781715","article-title":"Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) compounds improve the biochemical indices of the patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"2016","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666161010105242","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza: A potential red light to the development of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0400","article-title":"The efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive alternative herbal medicine (Salvia miltiorrhiza and Pueraria lobata) on vascular function and structure in coronary patients","volume":"15","author":"Tam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132912","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/132912","article-title":"Cardiovascular protective effects of adjunctive alternative medicine (Salvia miltiorrhiza and Pueraria lobata) in high-risk hypertension","volume":"2013","author":"Woo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738391","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/738391","article-title":"Qi-shen-yi-qi dripping pills for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"2013","author":"Shang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab037","article-title":"A modern approach to dyslipidemia","volume":"43","author":"Berberich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01691-6","article-title":"Contemporary management of dyslipidemia","volume":"82","author":"Ferraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3506","article-title":"Antihyperlipidemic effects of Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract in patients with hyperlipidemia: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Kianbakht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10093937","article-title":"Sage tea drinking improves lipid profile and antioxidant defences in humans","volume":"10","author":"Ramos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulczy\u0144ski, B., Kobus-Cisowska, J., Taczanowski, M., Kmiecik, D., and Gramza-Micha\u0142owska, A. (2019). The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds\u2014Current state of knowledge. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061242"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2174\/157488709789957709","article-title":"Chia (Salvia hispanica): A systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration","volume":"4","author":"Ulbricht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Recent Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux071","article-title":"Clinical evidence on dietary supplementation with chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Teoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1909","article-title":"Effect of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in humans: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8835","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01287H","article-title":"Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) consumption and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2014.03.010","article-title":"A randomized placebo controlled trial of an innovative herbal formula in the prevention of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with borderline hypercholesterolemia","volume":"22","author":"Kwok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790784","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nen060","article-title":"A chinese herbal preparation containing radix salviae miltiorrhizae, radix notoginseng and borneolum syntheticum reduces circulating adhesion molecules","volume":"2011","author":"Ling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7079","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007079","article-title":"A comparative study of Danhong injection and Salvia miltiorrhiza injection in the treatment of cerebral infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.193","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza Burge (Danshen): A golden herbal medicine in cardiovascular therapeutics","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/3\/1028\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:28:02Z","timestamp":1760027282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/3\/1028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14031028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14031028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]}}}