{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:27:13Z","timestamp":1791995233625,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funding within the Next Generation EU-MUR M4C2.I.1.3 PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"EU funding within the Next Generation EU-MUR M4C2.I.1.3 PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["I83C22001810007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I83C22001810007"]}]},{"name":"INF-ACT Cascade Open Call 2023 (COC-1- 2023-ISS-01)","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"INF-ACT Cascade Open Call 2023 (COC-1- 2023-ISS-01)","award":["I83C22001810007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I83C22001810007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children, particularly infants and those with chronic conditions, are highly vulnerable to heat-induced health risks, similarly to the elderly. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the impact of heat exposure on pediatric and perinatal health. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed\/MEDLINE and manual reference checks, focusing on studies from 2000 to 2024. Findings indicate that maternal heat exposure is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, hypertension, and increased hospital admissions. Additionally, prenatal heat stress correlates with preterm birth, low birth weight, birth defects, and stillbirth. In childhood, heat-related health consequences range from heatstroke and dehydration to renal impairment, respiratory diseases, and gastrointestinal infections. Psychosocial effects, including cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, and mental health issues, have also been reported in school-age children and adolescents. Despite strong epidemiological evidence, critical knowledge gaps remain, including the exact temperature thresholds that increase disease risk and how these thresholds vary by age and underlying health conditions. Urgent public health measures are required to mitigate these risks, while further research is needed to define exposure\u2013response relationships and effective interventions. Addressing the rising burden of heat-related pediatric illness is essential in the context of climate change and increasing global temperatures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T03:39:47Z","timestamp":1739158787000},"page":"1123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Influence of Heat on Pediatric and Perinatal Health: Risks, Evidence, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3468-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Principi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice Rita","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Argentiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Fainardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2024, February 20). Climate Action. What Is Climate Change. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/climatechange\/what-is-climate-change."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Climate.gov (2024, February 20). Climate Change: Global Temperature, Available online: https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/understanding-climate\/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=According%20to%20NOAA\u2019s%202023%20Annual,0.20%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Centers for Environmental Information (2024, February 20). Annual 2023 Global Climate Report. The Year 2023 Was the Warmest Year Since Global Records Began in 1850 at 1.18 \u00b0C (2.12 \u00b0F) Above the 20th Century Average of 13.9 \u00b0C (57.0 \u00b0F), Available online: https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/access\/monitoring\/monthly-report\/global\/202313."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2024, February 20). European Union Consequences of Climate Change. Available online: https:\/\/climate.ec.europa.eu\/climate-change\/consequences-climate-change_en."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shashar, S., Kloog, I., Erez, O., Shtein, A., Yitshak-Sade, M., Sarov, B., and Novack, L. (2020). Temperature and preeclampsia: Epidemiological evidence that perturbation in maternal heat homeostasis affects pregnancy outcome. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232877"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105219","article-title":"Gestational diabetes, environmental temperature and climate factors\u2014From epidemiological evidence to physiological mechanisms","volume":"155","author":"Pace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"IZA (2024, February 20). Institute of Labor Economics. What to Expect When It Gets Hotter: The Impacts of Prenatal Exposure to Extreme Heat on Maternal and Infant. Available online: https:\/\/www.iza.org\/publications\/dp\/12685\/what-to-expect-when-it-gets-hotter-the-impacts-of-prenatal-exposure-to-extreme-heat-on-maternal-and-infant-health#:~:text=At%20childbirth%2C%20heat-exposed%20mothers,the%20first%20year%20of%20life."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browne, V.A., Julian, C.G., Toledo-Jaldin, L., Cioffi-Ragan, D., Vargas, E., and Moore, L.G. (2015). Uterine artery blood flow, fetal hypoxia and fetal growth. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 370.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0068"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-022-02301-6","article-title":"Physiological mechanisms of the impact of heat during pregnancy and the clinical implications: Review of the evidence from an expert group meeting","volume":"66","author":"Samuels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9956","article-title":"Dehydration activates an NF-kappaB-driven, COX2-dependent survival mechanism in renal medullary interstitial cells","volume":"106","author":"Hao","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20254","article-title":"Hyperthermia: Malformations to chaperones","volume":"89","author":"Bennett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.08.003","article-title":"Does prenatal WIC participation improve birth outcomes? New evidence from Florida","volume":"93","author":"Figlio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"236","article-title":"Too hot to handle: The effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on adult welfare outcomes","volume":"94","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Econ. Man."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"100496","article-title":"Effects of extreme temperature on the risk of preterm birth in China: A population-based multi-center cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3811","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3811","article-title":"Associations between high temperatures in pregnancy and risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirths: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"371","author":"Chersich","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2412055","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.12055","article-title":"Preterm and Early-Term Delivery After Heat Waves in 50 US Metropolitan Areas","volume":"7","author":"Darrow","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalugoda, Y., Kuppa, J., Phung, H., Rutherford, S., and Phung, D. (2022). Effect of Elevated Ambient Temperature on Maternal, Foetal, and Neonatal Outcomes: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031771"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108730","article-title":"Associations between heat wave during pregnancy and term birth weight outcomes: The PARIS birth cohort","volume":"188","author":"Wafo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00218673","article-title":"Maternal hyperthermia during pregnancy and cardiovascular malformations in the offspring","volume":"7","author":"Tikkanen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haghighi, M.M., Wright, C.Y., Ayer, J., Urban, M.F., Pham, M.D., Boeckmann, M., Areal, A., Wernecke, B., Swift, C.P., and Robinson, M. (2021). Impacts of High Environmental Tempera-tures on Congenital Anomalies: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094910"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.043","article-title":"Maternal ambient heat exposure during early pregnancy in summer and spring and congenital heart defects\u2014A large US population-based, case-control study","volume":"118","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104671","article-title":"A population-based case-control study of extreme summer temperature and birth defects","volume":"120","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-103956","article-title":"Elevated ambient temperatures and risk of neural tube defects","volume":"74","author":"Auger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111037","article-title":"Systematic review of ambient temperature exposure dur-ing pregnancy and stillbirth: Methods and evidence","volume":"197","author":"Sexton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115385","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to long-term heat stress and stillbirth in Ghana: A within-space time-series analysis","volume":"222","author":"Nyadanu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-022-01344-7","article-title":"Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"19","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-020-00547-z","article-title":"Effect of ambient air pollution and tempera-ture on the risk of stillbirth: A distributed lag nonlinear time series analysis","volume":"18","author":"Ranjbaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12767","article-title":"Potential Climate Change Health Risks from Increases in Heat Waves: Abnormal Birth Outcomes and Adverse Maternal Health Conditions","volume":"37","author":"Cil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946875","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/946875","article-title":"Neonates in Ahmedabad, India, during the 2010 heat wave: A climate change adaptation study","volume":"2014","author":"Kakkad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702436114","article-title":"Relationship between season of birth, temperature exposure, and later life wellbeing","volume":"114","author":"Isen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, C.J. (2019). Pediatric Thermoregulation: Considerations in the Face of Global Climate Change. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092010"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12204","article-title":"A Case-Crossover Study of Temperature and Infant Mortality in California","volume":"29","author":"Basu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2017-0322","article-title":"Heat-related illness in children in an era of extreme temperatures","volume":"40","author":"Mangus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravanelli, N., Morris, N., and Morrison, S.A. (2023). 24-h movement behaviour, thermal perception, thirst, and heat management strategies of children and adults during heat alerts: A pilot study. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1179844"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731415625254","article-title":"Extreme Weather-driven Disasters and Children\u2019s Health","volume":"46","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.106915","article-title":"Care provider assessment of thermal state of children in day-care centers","volume":"179","author":"Folkerts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104723","article-title":"An experimental study on the difference in thermal comfort perception between preschool children and their parents","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-85","article-title":"Water and beverage consumption among children age 4\u201313y in the United States: Analyses of 2005\u20132010 NHANES data","volume":"12","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302572","article-title":"Prevalence of Inadequate Hydration Among US Children and Dispari-ties by Gender and Race\/Ethnicity: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009\u20132012","volume":"105","author":"Kenney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015003614","article-title":"Water and beverage consumption among children aged 4-13 years in France: Analyses of INCA 2 (\u00c9tude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires 2006\u20132007) data","volume":"19","author":"Vieux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307960","article-title":"Ambient heat and sudden infant death: A case-crossover study spanning 30 years in Montreal, Canada","volume":"123","author":"Auger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.07.034","article-title":"Is ambient temperature associated with risk of infant mortality? A multi-city study in Korea","volume":"158","author":"Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v5i0.19073","article-title":"A time series analysis of weather variability and all-cause mortality in the Kasena Nankana Districts of Northern Ghana, 1995\u20132010","volume":"5","author":"Azongo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v5i0.19078","article-title":"Weather and mortality: A 10 year retrospective analysis of the Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Burkina Faso","volume":"5","author":"Diboulo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v5i0.19065","article-title":"Time-series analysis of weather and mortality patterns in Nairobi\u2019s informal settlements","volume":"5","author":"Egondi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31823031c5","article-title":"Heat waves and cause-specific mortality at all ages","volume":"22","author":"Sartini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000703","article-title":"Ambient Temperature and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States","volume":"28","author":"Jhun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waldhoer, T., and Heinzl, H. (2017). Exploring the possible relationship between ambient heat and sudden infant death with data from Vienna, Austria. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184312"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14188","article-title":"Temperature and humidity affect the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease: A systematic review of the literature\u2014A report from the International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Committee","volume":"58","author":"Coates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.06.004","article-title":"Not so little differences: Variation in hot weather risk to young children in New York City","volume":"161","author":"Sheffield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.06.030","article-title":"Heatwave and infants\u2019 hospital admissions under different heatwave definitions","volume":"229","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20180220-04","article-title":"Vehicular hyperthermia\u2014A highly preventable and potentially fatal problem","volume":"47","author":"Dowd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-445-16","article-title":"Fatal exertional heat stroke and American football players: The need for regional heat-safety guidelines","volume":"53","author":"Grundstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000212","article-title":"Heat Illness in Football: Current Concepts","volume":"14","author":"Krohn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-010-0534-2","article-title":"The health impacts of heat waves in five regions of New South Wales, Australia: A case-only analysis","volume":"83","author":"Khalaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-006-5039-0","article-title":"Syndromic surveillance use to detect the early effects of heat-waves: An analysis of NHS direct data in England","volume":"51","author":"Leonardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soz. Praventivmed."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120601124264","article-title":"The association between climatic factors and childhood illnesses presented to hospital emergency among young children","volume":"17","author":"Lam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"100101","article-title":"Association between ambient temperature and hospitaliza-tion for renal diseases in Brazil during 2000\u20132015, A nationwide case-crossover study","volume":"6","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Am."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Principi, N., and Esposito, S. (2024). Development of Vaccines against Emerging Mosquito-Vectored Arbovirus Infections. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010087"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.49.8.1088","article-title":"Deaths of psychiatric patients during heat waves","volume":"49","author":"Bark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-009-0112-0","article-title":"Climate change and mental health: A causal pathways framework","volume":"55","author":"Berry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68079-3","article-title":"Climate change and human health: Present and future risks","volume":"367","author":"McMichael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.10.020","article-title":"Short-term association between environmental factors and hospital admissions due to dementia in Madrid","volume":"152","author":"Linares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.045","article-title":"Increasing ambient temperature reduces emotional well-being","volume":"151","author":"Noelke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30136-X","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders","volume":"7","author":"Freeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117826","article-title":"Self-harm and interpersonal violence due to high temperature from the global burden of disease study 2019, A 30-year assessment","volume":"243","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00104-3","article-title":"Ambient temperature and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, January 08). Data and Statistics on Children\u2019s Mental Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/children-mental-health\/data-research\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effects of mental health problems in childhood and adolescence in young adults: Results of the KiGGS cohort","volume":"6","author":"Schlack","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx295","article-title":"Examining the Association Between Apparent Temperature and Mental Health-Related Emergency Room Visits in California","volume":"187","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.042","article-title":"Acute impacts of extreme temperature exposure on emergency room ad-missions related to mental and behavior disorders in Toronto, Canada","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, E.Y., Lam, H.C., So, S.H., Goggins, W.B., Ho, J.Y., Liu, S., and Chung, P.P. (2018). Association between ambient temperatures and mental disorder hospitalizations in a subtropical city: A time-series study of Hong Kong special administrative region. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040754"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trang, P.M., Rocklov, J., Giang, K.B., Kullgren, G., and Nilsson, M. (2016). Heatwaves and hospital admissions for mental disorders in Northern Vietnam. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155609"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796023000161","article-title":"Temperature and mental health-related emergency department and hospital encounters among children, adolescents and young adults","volume":"32","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00959-9","article-title":"Learning is inhibited by heat exposure, both internationally and within the United States","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"The World Meteorological Organization and the World Health Organization (2025, January 28). Heat Waves and Health: Guidance on Warning System Development. Available online: https:\/\/www4.unfccc.int\/sites\/NAPC\/Country%20Documents\/General\/HeatWavesandHealthGuidance_26July2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"National Weather Service (2025, January 28). Safety National Program. Heat Safety Tips and Resources, Available online: https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/safety\/heat."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"European Climate and Health Observatory (2025, January 28). France. Available online: https:\/\/climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\/en\/observatory\/policy-context\/country-profiles\/france."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"UNICEF (2025, January 28). 559 Million Children Currently Exposed to High Heatwave Frequency, Rising to all 2.02 Billion Children Globally by 2050. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/press-releases\/heatwaves-report."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/4\/1123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:30:08Z","timestamp":1760027408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/4\/1123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14041123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14041123","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]}}}