{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:18:39Z","timestamp":1792099119000,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Facial nerve injury is one of the most concerning complications of parotid gland surgery, with temporary and permanent dysfunction rates varying widely in the literature. This study aimed to identify factors associated with facial nerve injury during surgery for benign parotid tumors and assess the protective efficacy of intraoperative nerve monitoring (NIM) in preventing nerve injury. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 329 patients who underwent parotid gland surgery between 2010 and 2023. Data collected included patient demographics, tumor characteristics (size, location, histology), surgical parameters (operation time, NIM usage), and postoperative nerve function evaluated using a modified House\u2013Brackmann scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests and logistic regression, were employed to identify predictors of facial nerve outcomes. Results: Facial nerve injury occurred in 5.2% of patients, comprising 4.6% temporary and 0.6% permanent damage. Tumors located in the deep and inferior lobes significantly increased the risk of facial paralysis\/palsy (p = 0.035), while tumor size and histology showed no significant associations. Using NIM significantly reduced the risk of facial nerve injury (p &lt; 0.05; OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.25\u20130.50). Age was also identified as a significant predictor of nerve dysfunction (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The findings emphasize the importance of NIM in mitigating facial nerve injury, especially in anatomically complex tumor locations. Tailored surgical approaches based on tumor location and patient-specific factors, combined with the routine use of NIM, are recommended to optimize nerve preservation and improve postoperative outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T05:34:32Z","timestamp":1739252072000},"page":"1156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Outcome of Facial Nerve Integrity After Parotid Gland Surgery With and Without Intraoperative Monitoring: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6830-9309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Cirignaco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Marche University Hospitals-Umberto I, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-3794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Monarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Betti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Marche University Hospitals-Umberto I, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5062-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Paglianiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Marche University Hospitals-Umberto I, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5028-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Catarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8395-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Head-Neck and NeuroScience Department, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi Angelo","family":"Vaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43\/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, PhD School of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Balercia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Marche University Hospitals-Umberto I, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3508-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Consorti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Marche University Hospitals-Umberto I, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2857","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29623","article-title":"Risk Factors of Postoperative Facial Palsy for Benign Parotid Tumors: Outcome of 1,018 Patients","volume":"131","author":"Kawata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.1041","article-title":"Assessment of Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring Parameters Associated with Facial Nerve Outcome in Parotidectomy for Benign Disease","volume":"145","author":"Haring","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol.\u2013Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142uszkiewicz, E., Sowa, P., Zieli\u0144ski, M., Adamczyk-Sowa, M., Misio\u0142ek, M., and \u015acierski, W. 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