{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:39:37Z","timestamp":1791617977738,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP J33C22002920006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP J33C22002920006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) play a critical role in the onset of oropharyngeal (OPC) and nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), respectively. Despite advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapies, in the recurrent\/metastatic setting, these tumors remain incurable diseases with poor prognosis. The development of therapeutic tumor vaccines, utilizing either neoantigens or oncoviral antigens, represents a promising addition to the cancer immunotherapy arsenal. Research on vaccine-based immunotherapy for OPC and NPC focuses on targeting viral antigens, particularly HPV E6\/E7 and EBV EBNA1\/LMP2. The potential for vaccine platforms, including peptide-based, DNA, RNA, and viral vector-based vaccines, to induce durable immune responses against viral antigens is reported. The early-phase clinical trials evaluating vaccine-based therapies for HPV-related OPC and EBV-related NPC revealed safety and preliminary signs of efficacy; however, further clinical trials are crucial for validation. This review provides an overview of the current landscape of vaccine-based strategies for HPV-related OPC and EBV-related NPC, discussing their biological mechanisms and immune processes involved in anti-HPV and anti-EBV vaccine treatments, with a particular focus on the immune factors that influence these therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T10:53:22Z","timestamp":1739271202000},"page":"1170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Vaccine-Based Immunotherapy for Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3328-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria Maria","family":"Filippini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7401-9842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Broseghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Liberale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0121-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Gallerani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6308-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giambattista","family":"Siepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Nobili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1595-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Ferracin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7764-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26023","article-title":"Alcohol-related head and neck cancer: Summary of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Marziliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pharaon, R.R., Xing, Y., Agulnik, M., and Villaflor, V.M. 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