{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:01:10Z","timestamp":1787238070022,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503\/1-013-02\/503-11-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-013-02\/503-11-003"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503-11-001-1-040-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503-11-001-1-040-01"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["POWR.03.02.00-00-IO12\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.02.00-00-IO12\/16"]}]},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the University Clinical Hospital No. 2 of the Medical University of Lodz","award":["503\/1-013-02\/503-11-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-013-02\/503-11-003"]}]},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the University Clinical Hospital No. 2 of the Medical University of Lodz","award":["503-11-001-1-040-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503-11-001-1-040-01"]}]},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the University Clinical Hospital No. 2 of the Medical University of Lodz","award":["POWR.03.02.00-00-IO12\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.02.00-00-IO12\/16"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["503\/1-013-02\/503-11-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-013-02\/503-11-003"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["503-11-001-1-040-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503-11-001-1-040-01"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["POWR.03.02.00-00-IO12\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.02.00-00-IO12\/16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives:\u00a0Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative and chronic joint disease and is a leading cause of pain and disability in adults worldwide. The SRY-related HMG box (SOX) family transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role during the pathogenesis of OA; however, their exact mechanisms remain unexplored. The aim of our study was to conduct a bioinformatics analysis of the common interactions of SOX-5, SOX-9, and SOX-11 with other proteins, as well as their role in OA pathogenesis. Methods:SOX5, SOX9, and SOX11 mRNA expression levels in articular cartilage with subchondral bone and synovium from knee OA patients were assessed using the qPCR method. The study group consisted of thirty-one patients (n = 31). Total RNA was isolated from the articular cartilage with subchondral bone and synovium from the affected and unaffected area of the knee joint. Results: Our results revealed a regulatory network between SOX-5, SOX-9, and SOX-11, and various proteins involved in the pathogenesis of knee OA and their collective interactions, which are involved in the regulation of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, response to stimulus, regulation of gene expression, inflammatory response, cartilage condensation, and ossification in chondrocytes. Higher expression levels of SOX5, SOX9, and SOX11 mRNA were noted in OA-affected articular cartilage with subchondral bone compared to control tissue (p = 0.00015, p = 0.0024 and p &gt; 0.05, respectively, Mann\u2013Whitney U-test). All studied genes demonstrated elevated mRNA expression levels in the articular cartilage with subchondral bone from stage 4 patients than those with stage 3 (p &gt; 0.05; Mann\u2013Whitney U-test). Lower SOX5, SOX9, and SOX11 mRNA expression levels were found in OA-affected synovium compared to the control tissue (p = 0.0003, p &gt; 0.05 and p = 0.0007, respectively, Mann\u2013Whitney U-test). Decreased SOX9 mRNA expression levels in synovium were noted in patients with stage 4 disease than those with stage 3; however, SOX5 and SOX11 mRNA expression levels were higher in patients with stage 4 (p &gt; 0.05; Mann\u2013Whitney U-test). Conclusions: The results of our research show that the studied SOX TFs play a role in the development of OA, contributing to the formation of pathological changes not only in the articular cartilage, but also in the synovial membrane. The changes in the SOX5, SOX9, and SOX11 mRNA expression levels in the articular cartilage with subchondral bone and synovium may serve as potential molecular diagnostic biomarkers for detecting OA and could indicate the progression of this disease; however, our observations require further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T10:53:22Z","timestamp":1739271202000},"page":"1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Expression Level of SOX Family Transcription Factors\u2019 mRNA as a Diagnostic Marker for Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0029-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Baran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Chair of Biology and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Brzezia\u0144ska-Lasota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Chair of Biology and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5719-4139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Kryczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8419-7012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Boncela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0321-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Czechowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, 90-001 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4156-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kopacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, 90-001 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2748-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Padula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, 90-001 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Clinical Hospital No. 2 of the Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Dom\u017calski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Clinical Hospital No. 2 of the Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42089","article-title":"Prevalence Trends of Site-Specific Osteoarthritis From 1990 to 2019: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"74","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2016). 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