{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:59:05Z","timestamp":1773860345039,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Medical Research Agency","award":["2020\/ABM\/COVID19\/0043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/ABM\/COVID19\/0043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the initial identification of SARS-CoV-2 infections, numerous clinical challenges have arisen, revealing both acute and long-term effects associated with COVID-19. These effects impact various systems within the body, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the immunological and inflammatory parameters in patients with severe COVID-19 and evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on these parameters. Methods: This study enrolled thirty patients from the Military Medical Institute\u2014National Research Institute in Warsaw, who were hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients were screened for eligibility based on pre-defined inclusion criteria. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) or a control group. Immune profiling was performed, measuring cytokine concentrations and leukocyte subpopulations in serum samples. Outcomes were assessed using Bayesian modeling. Results: Bayesian regression analysis confirmed previous findings, indicating that HBOT may reduce inflammatory cytokine levels while improving oxygen saturation (SpO2) in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19. Moreover, the analysis suggested a higher probability of HBOT success in modulating the immune response and reducing inflammatory parameters, particularly in T lymphocyte subpopulations. Conclusions: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may serve as an effective adjunctive treatment for patients with COVID-19 by enhancing oxygen saturation and modulating the immune response. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of HBOT on inflammatory and immunological parameters in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T11:01:08Z","timestamp":1739271668000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bayesian Modeling of the Impact of HBOT on the Reduction in Cytokine Storms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5639-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Jermakow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, National Science Institute, Szaser\u00f3w 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2374-3600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Brodaczewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, National Science Institute, Szaser\u00f3w 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Kot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3248-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Lubas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Nephrology and Dialysis, Military Institute of Medicine, National Science Institute, Szaser\u00f3w 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9629-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"K\u0142os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Science Institute, Szaser\u00f3w 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Siewiera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, National Science Institute, Szaser\u00f3w 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, January 22). 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