{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:50:17Z","timestamp":1789469417800,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, USA","award":["R01GM123508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM123508"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, USA","award":["2U54MD017979-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2U54MD017979-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preeclampsia (PE) is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, affecting 3\u20136% of pregnancies worldwide and ranking among the top six causes of maternal deaths in the U.S. PE typically develops after 20 weeks of gestation and is characterized by new-onset hypertension and\/or end-organ dysfunction, with or without proteinuria. Current management strategies for PE emphasize early diagnosis, blood pressure control, and timely delivery. For prevention, low-dose aspirin (81 mg\/day) is recommended for high-risk women between 12 and 28 weeks of gestation. Magnesium sulfate is also advised to prevent seizures in preeclamptic women at risk of eclampsia. Emerging management approaches include antiangiogenic therapies, hypoxia-inducible factor suppression, statins, and supplementation with CoQ10, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide donors. Black women are at particularly high risk for PE, potentially due to higher rates of hypertension and cholesterol, compounded by healthcare disparities and possible genetic factors, such as the APOL1 gene. This review explores current and emerging strategies for managing PE and addresses the underlying causes of health disparities, offering potential solutions to improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T11:54:06Z","timestamp":1739274846000},"page":"1190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Current Approaches and Innovations in Managing Preeclampsia: Highlighting Maternal Health Disparities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexis G.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5595-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiana A.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4060-7283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khosrow","family":"Kashfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10091, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dymara-Konopka, W., and Laskowska, M. (2019). The Role of Nitric Oxide, ADMA, and Homocysteine in The Etiopathogenesis of Preeclampsia-Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112757"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"329","article-title":"The Rising Burden of Preeclampsia in the United States Impacts Both Maternal and Child Health","volume":"33","author":"Shih","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"24","article-title":"Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia","volume":"7","author":"Duhig","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1687859","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia\/Eclampsia","volume":"41","author":"Peracoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet. Gynecol., 135, e237\u2013e260.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003891"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276","article-title":"Preeclampsia","volume":"124","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-016-0633-x","article-title":"Placental Ischemia and Resultant Phenotype in Animal Models of Preeclampsia","volume":"18","author":"LaMarca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2017.08.004","article-title":"Preeclampsia: A review of the pathogenesis and possible management strategies based on its pathophysiological derangements","volume":"56","year":"2017","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0119-6","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia: Pathogenesis, novel diagnostics and therapies","volume":"15","author":"Phipps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.09.007","article-title":"AP39, a Modulator of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, Reduces Antiangiogenic Response and Oxidative Stress in Hypoxia-Exposed Trophoblasts: Relevance for Preeclampsia Pathogenesis","volume":"189","author":"Covarrubias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001631","article-title":"Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine \u03b3-lyase contributes to maternal hypertension and placental abnormalities in preeclampsia","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.04.039","article-title":"Oxidative stress markers and thrombomodulin plasma levels in women with early and late severe preeclampsia","volume":"483","author":"Alpoim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1081\/PRG-120028292","article-title":"Markers for presymptomatic prediction of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"23","author":"Tjoa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.284","article-title":"The biology of preeclampsia","volume":"76","author":"Kanasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teran, E., Hern\u00e1ndez, I., Tana, L., Teran, S., Galaviz-Hernandez, C., Sosa-Mac\u00edas, M., Molina, G., and Calle, A. (2018). Mitochondria and Coenzyme Q10 in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01561"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12802","article-title":"The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention","volume":"145","author":"Poon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.11.1371","article-title":"The evolution of the diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia-eclampsia","volume":"226","author":"Tanner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(88)90090-7","article-title":"The classification and definition of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"158","author":"Davey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2000.tb01137.x","article-title":"The detection, investigation and management of hypertension in pregnancy: Full consensus statement","volume":"40","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice (2002). Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 77, 67\u201375."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88","article-title":"Hypertension in Pregnancy: Executive Summary","volume":"122","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Karrar, S.A., and Hong, P.L. (2022). Preeclampsia. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2020.63.3.270","article-title":"A study to compare maternal and perinatal outcome in early vs. late onset preeclampsia","volume":"63","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"The Fetal Medicine Foundation (2024, December 18). Risk for Preeclampsia. Available online: https:\/\/fetalmedicine.org\/research\/assess\/preeclampsia\/first-trimester."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22071","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of first-trimester combined screening for early-onset and preterm pre-eclampsia at 8\u201310 compared with 11\u201313 weeks\u2019 gestation","volume":"57","author":"Mendoza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1660777","article-title":"Uterine Artery Doppler in Screening for Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"40","author":"Pedroso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4519","article-title":"First trimester screening for early and late preeclampsia based on maternal characteristics, biophysical parameters, and angiogenic factors","volume":"35","author":"Crovetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17189","article-title":"Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia","volume":"111","author":"Maynard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002281","article-title":"Placental ischemia and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1: Cause or consequence of preeclampsia?","volume":"71","author":"Karumanchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.12.024","article-title":"The effect of over-expression of sFlt-1 on blood pressure and the occurrence of other manifestations of preeclampsia in unrestrained conscious pregnant mice","volume":"196","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1219986","article-title":"An analysis on the roles of angiogenesis-related factors including serum vitamin D, soluble endoglin (sEng), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the diagnosis and severity of late-onset preeclampsia","volume":"30","author":"Cim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2012.01.005","article-title":"Second trimester anti-angiogenic proteins and preeclampsia","volume":"2","author":"Haggerty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2010.10.004","article-title":"Angiogenic factors and preeclampsia","volume":"31","author":"Maynard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14799","article-title":"Implementation of the sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio for prediction and diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in singleton pregnancy: Implications for clinical practice","volume":"45","author":"Stepan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.10.909","article-title":"Changes in circulating level of angiogenic factors from the first to second trimester as predictors of preeclampsia","volume":"196","author":"Vatten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01787","article-title":"New gestational phase-specific cutoff values for the use of the soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1\/placental growth factor ratio as a diagnostic test for preeclampsia","volume":"63","author":"Verlohren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031884","article-title":"Circulating Angiogenic Factors and the Risk of Preeclampsia","volume":"350","author":"Levine","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15997","article-title":"sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio test for pre-eclampsia: An economic assessment for the UK","volume":"48","author":"Vatish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.022","article-title":"Imbalances in circulating angiogenic factors in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and related disorders","volume":"226","author":"Rana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, L., Holland, O.J., Da Silva Costa, F., and Perkins, A.V. (2023). Potential biomarkers for late-onset and term preeclampsia: A scoping review. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1143543"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.054361","article-title":"Angiogenic factors and the risk of adverse outcomes in women with suspected preeclampsia","volume":"125","author":"Rana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17987-2","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"365","author":"Sibai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, R., Kitt, J., Leeson, P., Aye, C.Y.L., and Lewandowski, A.J. (2019). Preeclampsia: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Management, and the Cardiovascular Impact on the Offspring. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101625"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31963-4","article-title":"Planned early delivery or expectant management for late preterm pre-eclampsia (PHOENIX): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Chappell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.027","article-title":"Postpartum preeclampsia or eclampsia: Defining its place and management among the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"226","author":"Hauspurg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Doorn, R., Mukhtarova, N., Flyke, I.P., Lasarev, M., Kim, K., Hennekens, C.H., and Hoppe, K.K. (2021). Dose of aspirin to prevent preterm preeclampsia in women with moderate or high-risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247782"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2018). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 743: Low-Dose Aspirin Use During Pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 132, e44\u2013e52.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002708"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.527788","article-title":"Magnesium Sulfate for the Treatment of Eclampsia","volume":"40","author":"Euser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172762","article-title":"Aspirin and its pleiotropic application","volume":"866","author":"Hybiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.09.046","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of superimposed preeclampsia in women with chronic hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"228","author":"Richards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J.M., Lowe, R.F., Fullerton, J., Currie, S.M., Harris, L., and Felker-Kantor, E. (2013). An integrative review of the side effects related to the use of magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia management. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-34"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doyle, L.W., Crowther, C.A., Middleton, P., Marret, S., and Rouse, D. (2009). Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004661.pub3"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181ae98c2","article-title":"Effects of antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate on neuroprotection and mortality in preterm infants: A meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Costantine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.04.005","article-title":"Antenatal magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy in preterm infants less than 34 weeks\u2019 gestation: A systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"200","author":"Romero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"e17322","article-title":"Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate on Maternal Mortality in Eclampsia","volume":"13","author":"Padda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2006.19.10.1225","article-title":"Osteopenic effects of MgSO4 in multiple pregnancies","volume":"19","author":"Kaplan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.09.022","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factors and the response to hypoxic stress","volume":"40","author":"Majmundar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2011","article-title":"Adaptive and maladaptive cardiorespiratory responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxia mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2","volume":"92","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kietzmann, T. (2019). Liver Zonation in Health and Disease: Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors as Concert Masters. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092347"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C260","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00315.2015","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor 3 biology: Complexities and emerging themes","volume":"310","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.02.011","article-title":"Evidence for the functional activity of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors overexpressed in preeclamptic placentae","volume":"25","author":"Rajakumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2012.44","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 as a predictive marker in pre-eclampsia","volume":"1","author":"Akhilesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06951","article-title":"Deficiency in catechol-O-methyltransferase and 2-methoxyoestradiol is associated with pre-eclampsia","volume":"453","author":"Kanasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5008","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99026","article-title":"Loss of placental growth factor ameliorates maternal hypertension and preeclampsia in mice","volume":"128","author":"Parchem","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704302","article-title":"Mechanisms of hydralazine induced vasodilation in rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery","volume":"134","author":"Ellershaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7421.955","article-title":"Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: Meta-analysis","volume":"327","author":"Magee","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"219","article-title":"Ketanserin: A novel cardiovascular drug","volume":"1","author":"Symoens","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.11.033","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia","volume":"105","author":"Teran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabanal-Ruiz, Y., Llanos-Gonzalez, E., and Alcain, F.J. (2021). The Use of Coenzyme Q10 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050755"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.12.009","article-title":"Coenzyme Q(10) for Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Focus Seminar","volume":"77","author":"Raizner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac100","article-title":"Dose-Response Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Blood Pressure among Patients with Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10641955.2019.1640725","article-title":"Placental sFLT1 is associated with complement activation and syncytiotrophoblast damage in preeclampsia","volume":"38","author":"Zsengeller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cindrova-Davies, T. (2014). The therapeutic potential of antioxidants, ER chaperones, NO and H2S donors, and statins for treatment of preeclampsia. Front. Pharmacol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00119"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.1.167","article-title":"Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in placental villous tissue from normal, pre-eclamptic and intrauterine growth restricted pregnancies","volume":"12","author":"Myatt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dillon, K.M., Carrazzone, R.J., Matson, J.B., and Kashfi, K. (2020). The evolving landscape for cellular nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide delivery systems: A new era of customized medications. Biochem. Pharmacol., 176.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.113931"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.11.006","article-title":"Nitric oxide signaling in pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"95","author":"Sutton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011040369","article-title":"eNOS deficiency acts through endothelin to aggravate sFlt-1-induced pre-eclampsia-like phenotype","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2016.17","article-title":"eNOS\/iNOS and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in the placentas of patients with preeclampsia","volume":"31","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Human. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12106","article-title":"Antihypertensive effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition in experimental pre-eclampsia","volume":"17","author":"Amaral","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12301","article-title":"The nitric oxide pathway and possible therapeutic options in pre-eclampsia","volume":"78","author":"Johal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024008","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024008","article-title":"S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Deficiency Causes Aberrant Placental S-Nitrosylation and Preeclampsia","volume":"11","author":"Kulandavelu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02990.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: Impact on nitric oxide metabolism","volume":"65","author":"Schwedhelm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz015","article-title":"Perspective: L-arginine and L-citrulline Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Potential Strategy to Improve Birth Outcomes in Low-Resource Settings","volume":"10","author":"Weckman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.07.001","article-title":"Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) as a prospective marker of cardiovascular disease and mortality\u2014An update on patient populations with a wide range of cardiovascular risk","volume":"60","author":"Maas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1159","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00903.2012","article-title":"AICAR administration ameliorates hypertension and angiogenic imbalance in a model of preeclampsia in the rat","volume":"304","author":"Banek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, W.L., Hsu, C.N., and Tain, Y.L. (2020). Whether AICAR in Pregnancy or Lactation Prevents Hypertension Programmed by High Saturated Fat Diet: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020448"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3228","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide","volume":"9","author":"Motterlini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63477-5","article-title":"Microsomal heme oxygenase. Characterization of the enzyme","volume":"244","author":"Tenhunen","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.14.11.1305","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules","volume":"14","author":"Motterlini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1029","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1029","article-title":"Heme oxygenase: Colors of defense against cellular stress","volume":"279","author":"Otterbein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"974","article-title":"Induction of heme oxygenase: A general response to oxidant stress in cultured mammalian cells","volume":"51","author":"Applegate","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/10715769900301031","article-title":"The heme oxygenase pathway and its interaction with nitric oxide in the control of cellular homeostasis","volume":"31","author":"Foresti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.37.1.517","article-title":"The Heme Oxygenase System: A Regulator of Second Messenger Gases","volume":"37","author":"Maines","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, B.E., and Motterlini, R. (2007). CO and NO in medicine. Chem. Commun., 4197\u20134208.","DOI":"10.1039\/b704873d"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.57.4.3","article-title":"Carbon monoxide: Endogenous production, physiological functions, and pharmacological applications","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.1","article-title":"Gasotransmitters in cancer: From pathophysiology to experimental therapy","volume":"15","author":"Szabo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickson, M.A., Peterson, N., McRae, K.E., Pudwell, J., Tayade, C., and Smith, G.N. (2020). Carbon monoxide increases utero-placental angiogenesis without impacting pregnancy specific adaptations in mice. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00594-z"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2019-0376","article-title":"Riboflavin and pyrroloquinoline quinone generate carbon monoxide in the presence of tissue microsomes or recombinant human cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase: Implications for possible roles in gasotransmission","volume":"98","author":"Vukomanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/74680","article-title":"Carbon monoxide has anti-inflammatory effects involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway","volume":"6","author":"Otterbein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.147082","article-title":"Tobacco use during pregnancy and preeclampsia risk: Effects of cigarette smoking and snuff","volume":"55","author":"Wikstrom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"623","article-title":"Involvement of the heme oxygenase system in the development of preeclampsia and as a possible therapeutic target","volume":"10","author":"Venditti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_168","article-title":"Evidence-Based Revised View of the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia","volume":"956","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055352","article-title":"Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia","volume":"355","author":"Levine","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.06.019","article-title":"Direct placental effects of cigarette smoke protect women from pre-eclampsia: The specific roles of carbon monoxide and antioxidant systems in the placenta","volume":"64","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401783","article-title":"Induction of placental heme oxygenase-1 is protective against TNFalpha-induced cytotoxicity and promotes vessel relaxation","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0376com","article-title":"Heme oxygenase expression in human placenta and placental bed: Reduced expression of placenta endothelial HO-2 in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction","volume":"15","author":"Barber","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2003.00047.x","article-title":"Heme oxygenases in pregnancy II: HO-2 is downregulated in human pathologic pregnancies","volume":"50","author":"Zenclussen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.660134","article-title":"Negative regulation of soluble Flt-1 and soluble endoglin release by heme oxygenase-1","volume":"115","author":"Cudmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05847","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-1 Is Not Decreased in Preeclamptic Placenta and Does Not Negatively Regulate Placental Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 or Soluble Endoglin Secretion","volume":"66","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpx070","article-title":"Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecules Blunt Placental Ischemia-Induced Hypertension","volume":"30","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2002.0845","article-title":"Carbon monoxide decreases perfusion pressure in isolated human placenta","volume":"23","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R939","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00204.2013","article-title":"Chronic carbon monoxide inhalation during pregnancy augments uterine artery blood flow and uteroplacental vascular growth in mice","volume":"305","author":"Venditti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venditti, C.C., Casselman, R., Young, I., Karumanchi, S.A., and Smith, G.N. (2014). Carbon monoxide prevents hypertension and proteinuria in an adenovirus sFlt-1 preeclampsia-like mouse model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106502"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-9912-4-4","article-title":"In vitroActivation of heme oxygenase-2 by menadione and its analogs","volume":"4","author":"Vukomanovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Gas Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.202908","article-title":"Drug-enhanced carbon monoxide production from heme by cytochrome P450 reductase","volume":"7","author":"Vukomanovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Gas Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2018.09.007","article-title":"Endogenous carbon monoxide production by menadione","volume":"71","author":"Odozor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.07.008","article-title":"Dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) alters indicators of inflammation and mitochondrial-related metabolism in human subjects","volume":"24","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202100555","article-title":"Recent Advances on Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecules for Antibacterial Applications","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.239665","article-title":"Local retention versus systemic release of soluble VEGF receptor-1 are mediated by heparin-binding and regulated by heparanase","volume":"108","author":"Sela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2018.08.447","article-title":"CORM-A1 treatment leads to increased carbon monoxide in pregnant mice","volume":"14","author":"McRae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.01.042","article-title":"The dichotomous role of H(2)S in cancer cell biology? D\u00e9j\u00e0 vu all over again","volume":"149","author":"Kashfi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.10.019","article-title":"Biology and therapeutic potential of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide-releasing chimeras","volume":"85","author":"Kashfi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, P., Vatish, M., Heptinstall, J., Wang, R., and Carson, R.J. (2009). The endogenous production of hydrogen sulphide in intrauterine tissues. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-10"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.02.014","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide producing enzymes in pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"33","author":"Holwerda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013030291","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide attenuates sFlt1-induced hypertension and renal damage by upregulating vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"25","author":"Holwerda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.11.014","article-title":"A review of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) donors: Chemistry and potential therapeutic applications","volume":"149","author":"Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.11.110","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide: A novel inhibitor of hypochlorous acid-mediated oxidative damage in the brain?","volume":"326","author":"Whiteman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H801","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00377.2008","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: Role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic signaling","volume":"295","author":"Jha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Xu, F., Gao, G., Gao, X., Wu, B., Zheng, C., Wang, P., Li, Z., Hua, H., and Li, D. (2020). Hydrogen sulfide and its donors: Novel antitumor and antimetastatic therapies for triple-negative breast cancer. Redox Biol., 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101564"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2015.06.004","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide prodrugs\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.08.048","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Donor GYY4137 Acts Through Endothelial Nitric Oxide to Protect Intestine in Murine Models of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Intestinal Ischemia","volume":"234","author":"Drucker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn, R., Chiarello, D.I., Abad, C., Rojas, D., Toledo, F., and Sobrevia, L. (2020). Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1866.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165961"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000478","article-title":"AP39, A Mitochondrially Targeted Hydrogen Sulfide Donor, Exerts Protective Effects in Renal Epithelial Cells Subjected to Oxidative Stress in Vitro and in Acute Renal Injury in Vivo","volume":"45","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.04.008","article-title":"AP39, a novel mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide donor, stimulates cellular bioenergetics, exerts cytoprotective effects and protects against the loss of mitochondrial DNA integrity in oxidatively stressed endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Szczesny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059344","article-title":"Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase","volume":"292","author":"Istvan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, K.K., and Kashfi, K. (2022). Lipoproteins and cancer: The role of HDL-C, LDL-C, and cholesterol-lowering drugs. Biochem. Pharmacol., 196.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114654"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2017.11.030","article-title":"Statins: Pros and cons","volume":"150","author":"Mammen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Lipophilic but not hydrophilic statins selectively induce cell death in gynaecological cancers expressing high levels of HMGCoA reductase","volume":"14","author":"Kato","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308537","article-title":"Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System","volume":"120","author":"Oesterle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095748","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of statins","volume":"45","author":"Liao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.10.1652","article-title":"Nitric oxide protects against leukocyte-endothelium interactions in the early stages of hypercholesterolemia","volume":"15","author":"Gauthier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/21224","article-title":"Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation","volume":"399","author":"Dimmeler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.06.026","article-title":"The balance between induction and inhibition of mevalonate pathway regulates cancer suppression by statins: A review of molecular mechanisms","volume":"273","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Singh, J., Khan, Y., Seshan, S.V., and Girardi, G. (2010). A new mouse model to explore therapies for preeclampsia. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013663"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e10ebd","article-title":"Using pravastatin to improve the vascular reactivity in a mouse model of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1-induced preeclampsia","volume":"116","author":"Costantine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86957","article-title":"Pravastatin improves pregnancy outcomes in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to antithrombotic therapy","volume":"126","author":"Lefkou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14295","article-title":"Pravastatin for preeclampsia: From animal to human","volume":"46","author":"Kumasawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brownfoot, F.C., Tong, S., Hannan, N.J., Hastie, R., Cannon, P., and Kaitu\u2019u-Lino, T.J. (2016). Effects of simvastatin, rosuvastatin and pravastatin on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sENG) secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells, primary trophoblast cells and placenta. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0902-3"},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Henry, C. (2024, December 18). HUSL LIbrary: Social Justice: Racial Disparity. Available online: https:\/\/library.law.howard.edu\/socialjustice\/disparity."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-019-00577-w","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Liese","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"283","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in pregnancy-related hypertensive disease in nulliparous women","volume":"24","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3109\/10641955.2015.1090581","article-title":"Racial Disparities in Comorbidities, Complications, and Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Women with Preeclampsia\/eclampsia","volume":"34","author":"Shahul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.068577","article-title":"Racial disparity in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in New York State: A 10-year longitudinal population-based study","volume":"97","author":"Tanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.11.455","article-title":"434: Racial disparities in preeclampsia outcomes at delivery","volume":"220","author":"Pandita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.08.019","article-title":"Incidence of preeclampsia: Risk factors and outcomes associated with early- versus late-onset disease","volume":"209","author":"Lisonkova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000397","article-title":"Inpatient Maternal Mortality in the United States, 2002-2014","volume":"69","author":"Mogos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.038","article-title":"Does race or ethnicity play a role in the origin, pathophysiology, and outcomes of preeclampsia? An expert review of the literature","volume":"226","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1581522","article-title":"Preeclampsia outcomes at delivery and race","volume":"33","author":"Pandita","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000125615.35046.59","article-title":"Differential Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy among Hispanic Women","volume":"15","author":"Wolf","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2126-6","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia in American Indians\/Alaska Natives and Whites: The Significance of Body Mass Index","volume":"20","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, A.K., Azhibekov, T., O\u2019Toole, J.F., Sedor, J.R., Williams, S.M., Redline, R.W., and Bruggeman, L.A. (2020). Association of preeclampsia with infant APOL1 genotype in African Americans. BMC Med. Genet., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-020-01048-4"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.08.002","article-title":"Fetal-Not Maternal-APOL1 Genotype Associated with Risk for Preeclampsia in Those with African Ancestry","volume":"103","author":"Reidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481095","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/481095","article-title":"Public health perspectives of preeclampsia in developing countries: Implication for health system strengthening","volume":"2011","author":"Osungbade","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2018.10.011","article-title":"Preeclampsia: Disease biology and burden, its management strategies with reference to India","volume":"15","author":"Malik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05079","article-title":"Risk factors and fetal outcomes for preeclampsia in a Colombian cohort","volume":"6","author":"Serrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., and Park, E.C. (2015). Impact of socioeconomic status and subjective social class on overall and health-related quality of life. BMC Public. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2014-9"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00125.2015","article-title":"Preeclampsia, of mice and women","volume":"48","author":"Sones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.09.011","article-title":"Maternal mortality from preeclampsia\/eclampsia","volume":"36","author":"Ghulmiyyah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumder, S., Moriarty, K.L., Lee, Y., and Crombleholme, T.M. (2024). Placental Gene Therapy for Fetal Growth Restriction and Preeclampsia: Preclinical Studies and Prospects for Clinical Application. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185647"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.04.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of racial\/ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality","volume":"41","author":"Sinkey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1609535","article-title":"Structural Racism and Supporting Black Lives\u2014The Role of Health Professionals","volume":"375","author":"Hardeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/4\/1190\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:31:37Z","timestamp":1760027497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/4\/1190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14041190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14041190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]}}}