{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T17:20:22Z","timestamp":1763572822405,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Degenerative spinal stenosis is a common condition associated with structural degeneration and pain, yet its molecular underpinnings remain incompletely understood. Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), a key player in neuronal plasticity and regeneration, may serve as a biomarker for disease progression and pain severity. This study investigates the expression of GAP-43 at the mRNA and protein levels in the ligamentum flavum of affected patients. Methods: Samples were collected from 96 patients with degenerative spinal stenosis and 85 controls. GAP-43 mRNA expression was analyzed using reverse transcription\u2013quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), while protein levels were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. Pain severity was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS), and associations with lifestyle factors were analyzed. Results:\u00a0GAP-43 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in the study group compared to the controls (fold change = 0.58 \u00b1 0.12, p &lt; 0.05), with an inverse correlation to VAS pain severity (fold change = 0.76 at VAS 4 vs. 0.36 at VAS 10). Conversely, GAP-43 protein levels were markedly elevated in the study group (5.57 \u00b1 0.21 ng\/mL) when compared to controls (0.54 \u00b1 0.87 ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.0001). Protein levels were also correlated with lifestyle factors, including smoking and alcohol consumption (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: GAP-43 shows potential as a biomarker for pain severity and disease progression in degenerative spinal stenosis, in a manner influenced by lifestyle factors. Further research is needed to explore its diagnostic and therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T04:03:35Z","timestamp":1739419415000},"page":"1223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Changes in the Expression Profile of Growth-Associated Protein 43 in Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-6201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Soba\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Szpital sw. Rafala in Cracow, 30-693 Cracow, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0452-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Soba\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Szpital sw. Rafala in Cracow, 30-693 Cracow, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0781-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Staszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, 30-901 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, 40-555 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2324-3039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Strojny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Health Care, National Academy of Applied Sciences in Przemy\u015bl, 37-700 Przemy\u015bl, Poland"},{"name":"New Medical Techniques Specialist Hospital of St. Family in Rudna Ma\u0142a, 36-060 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1633-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beniamin Oskar","family":"Grabarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahere, M., Hlongwa, M., and Ginindza, T.G. 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