{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:21:28Z","timestamp":1791055288541,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as a class of agents relevant for managing diabetic nephropathy and cardiopathy. In a previous report, we noticed that these drugs share, with other drugs with \u201cnephroprotective\u201d effects, the ability to reduce the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), thus suggesting the kidney hemodynamic effect as a proxy for optimal drug dosage. We also noticed that all known nephroprotective drugs exert cardioprotective functions, suggesting the possibility of activities not mediated by the kidney. Finally, we observe that nephroprotective drugs can be grouped according to their effects on hemoglobin levels, thus suggesting their mechanism of action. While the primary mechanism of SGLT2i involves glycosuria and natriuria, growing evidence suggests broader therapeutic effects beyond hemodynamic modulation. Specifically, the evidence that SGLT2 can be expressed in several atypical regions under pathological conditions, supports the possibility that its inhibition has several extratubular effects. Evidence supports the hypothesis that SGLT2i influence mitochondrial function in various cell types affected by diabetes, particularly in the context of diabetic nephropathy. Notably, in SGLT2i-treated patients, the extent of albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) reduction post-treatment may be correlated with mitochondrial staining intensity in glomerular endothelial cells. This implies that the anti-proteinuric effects of SGLT2i could involve direct actions on glomerular endothelial cell. Our investigation into the role of SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in endothelial function suggests that the aberrant expression of SGLT2 in endothelial cells in T2DM would lead to intracellular accumulation of glucose; therefore, SGLT2i are the first type of endothelial protective drugs available today, with potential implications for ageing-related kidney disease. The review reveals two major novel findings: SGLT2 inhibitors are the first known class of endothelial-protective drugs, due to their ability to prevent glucose accumulation in endothelial cells where SGLT2 is aberrantly expressed in Type 2 Diabetes. Additionally, the research demonstrates that SGLT2 inhibitors share a GFR-reducing effect with other nephroprotective drugs, suggesting both a mechanism for optimal drug dosing and potential broader applications in ageing-related kidney disease through their effects on mitochondrial function and glomerular endothelial cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T10:36:58Z","timestamp":1739443018000},"page":"1241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["SGLT2 Inhibitors: The First Endothelial-Protector for Diabetic Nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Viggiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6065-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashmi","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianmarco","family":"Borriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Cacciola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Gonnella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Nephrology, Eboli Hospital, 84025 Eboli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gigliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Nephrology, Eboli Hospital, 84025 Eboli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelangelo","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Nephrology, Eboli Hospital, 84025 Eboli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Gigliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Nephrology, Eboli Hospital, 84025 Eboli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01400-z","article-title":"Diabetic vascular diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. 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