{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:57:50Z","timestamp":1785423470684,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Degenerative lumbo-sacral spinal stenosis is characterized by spinal canal narrowing, often linked to ligamentum flavum hypertrophy. This study evaluated the elemental composition of ligamentum flavum tissue in DLSS patients compared to healthy controls. Methods: This study involved 180 patients diagnosed with degenerative lumbo-sacral spinal stenosis and 102 healthy controls. Ligamentum flavum samples were analyzed for concentrations of magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Statistical analyses were conducted using Student\u2019s t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson\u2019s correlation, with a significance threshold of p &lt; 0.05. Results: The study group exhibited significantly elevated levels of Mg (p &lt; 0.001), Ca (p = 0.014), and P (p = 0.006), along with reduced concentrations of Zn (p = 0.021) and Cu (p = 0.038) compared to controls. No statistically significant differences were observed for Na, K, Mn, or Fe (p &gt; 0.05). Elemental imbalances were more pronounced in individuals with higher body mass index (BMI) and varied by gender. Pain intensity demonstrated a significant correlation with Zn (p = 0.012) and Na (p = 0.045), but no consistent associations with Mg, Ca, or P. Conclusions: Altered Mg, Ca, P, and Zn levels in ligamentum flavum suggest their involvement in degenerative lumbo-sacral spinal stenosis pathophysiology. These elements may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for mitigating spinal canal narrowing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T03:20:52Z","timestamp":1739503252000},"page":"1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Changes in the Concentration Profile of Selected Micro- and Macro-Elements in the Yellow Ligament Obtained from Patients with Degenerative Stenosis of the Lumbo-Sacral Spine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Damian","family":"Strojny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, New Medical Techniques Specjalist Hospital of St. Family in Rudna Ma\u0142a, 36-060 Rzeszow, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Health Care, National Academy of Applied Sciences in Przemy\u015bl, 37-700 Przemy\u015bl, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-6201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Soba\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, St. Raphael Hospital, 30-693 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4331-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Wojdy\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, New Medical Techniques Specjalist Hospital of St. Family in Rudna Ma\u0142a, 36-060 Rzeszow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, University Hospital in Cracow, 30-668 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Sk\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, District Hospital of St. Padre Pio in S\u0119dzisz\u00f3w Ma\u0142opolski, 39-120 S\u0119dzisz\u00f3w Ma\u0142opolski, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Hoczela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Faculty, Medical College, Universityof Information Technology and Managment in Rzeszow, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Wyczarska-Dziki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, New Medical Techniques Specjalist Hospital of St. Family in Rudna Ma\u0142a, 36-060 Rzeszow, Poland"},{"name":"Nursing Faculty, Medical College, Universityof Information Technology and Managment in Rzeszow, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Independent Public Healthcare Institution of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration in Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-111 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Masternak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland"},{"name":"Silesian Center for Rehabilitation and Manual Therapy ReVita in Mys\u0142owice, 41-412 Mys\u0142owice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0781-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Staszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, 30-901 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia in Katowice, 40-555 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7950-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Wieczorek-Olcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Walto\u015b-Tutak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Gogol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Our Lady of Perpetual Help Hospital in Wo\u0142omin, 05-200 Wo\u0142omin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Our Lady of Perpetual Help Hospital in Wo\u0142omin, 05-200 Wo\u0142omin, Poland"},{"name":"Pain Treatment Clinic, Our Lady of Perpetual Help Hospital in Wo\u0142omin, 05-200 Wo\u0142omin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1633-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beniamin Oskar","family":"Grabarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, WSB University, 41-300 D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fusion or Not for Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2022-0044","article-title":"The Essence of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Lumbar Disc Herniation, 2021: 3. 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