{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:53:49Z","timestamp":1791237229872,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente IRCCS MultiMedica"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: No previous study has provided a comprehensive evaluation of all biventricular and biatrial myocardial strain parameters in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (pGDM). Accordingly, we aimed at investigating the structural and myocardial deformation properties of all cardiac chambers in a cohort of pGDM women at 4 years postpartum. Methods: A consecutive cohort of pGDM women was compared to a control group of healthy women with previous uncomplicated pregnancy, matched by age, ethnicity and gestational week, at 4 years postpartum. Both groups of women underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) implemented with speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) and subsequent carotid ultrasonography. The primary endpoint was subclinical myocardial dysfunction, defined as left-ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) &lt; 20%, whereas the secondary endpoint was early carotid atherosclerosis, defined as common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness (IMT) \u2265 0.7 mm. Results: A total of 32 pGDM women (39.1 \u00b1 6.5 yrs) and 30 matched healthy controls (40.8 \u00b1 5.0 yrs) were analyzed. Despite normal and similar systolic function on conventional TTE, all biventricular and biatrial strain parameters were significantly lower in pGDM women than controls. Mean follow-up period was 4.0 \u00b1 1.9 yrs. During follow-up, 62.5% of pGDM women developed subclinical myocardial dysfunction, and 78.1% of them were diagnosed with early carotid atherosclerosis. Third-trimester BMI (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.19\u20132.98) and third-trimester glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.08\u20135.04) were independently associated with the primary endpoint. Third-trimester BMI and HbA1C also independently predicted the secondary endpoint. Third-trimester BMI &gt; 27 kg\/m2 and HbA1C &gt; 33 mmol\/mol showed the best sensitivity and specificity for predicting both endpoints. Conclusions: Women with a previous history of GDM complicated by overweight\/obesity and uncontrolled diabetes have a significantly increased risk of subclinical myocardial dysfunction and early carotid atherosclerosis at 4 years postpartum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T06:52:01Z","timestamp":1739515921000},"page":"1271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comprehensive Assessment of Biventricular and Biatrial Myocardial Strain Parameters at 4 Years Postpartum in a Cohort of Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7641-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sonaglioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Casieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2218-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Luigi","family":"Nicolosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Policlinico San Giorgio, 33170 Pordenone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9899-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group\u2019s Criteria","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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