{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:22:36Z","timestamp":1792113756340,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, resulting in the lifelong need for exogenous insulin. Over the last few years, overweight and obesity have recently emerged as growing health issues also afflicting patients with T1D. In this context, the term \u201cdouble diabetes\u201d has been coined to indicate patients with T1D who have a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and\/or patients with T1D who are affected by insulin resistance and\/or overweight\/obesity and\/or metabolic syndrome. At the same time, the use of second-generation incretin analogs semaglutide and tirzepatide has substantially increased on a global scale over the last few years, given the remarkable clinical benefits of these drugs (in terms of glucose control and weight loss) in patients with T2D and\/or overweight\/obesity. Although the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and the novel dual GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide)\/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide are currently not approved for the treatment of T1D, a growing body of evidence over the last few years has shown that these medications may serve as valid add-on treatments to insulin with substantial efficacy in improving glucose control, promoting weight loss, preserving residual beta-cell function and providing other beneficial metabolic effects in patients with T1D, double diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). This manuscript aims to comprehensively review the currently available literature (mostly consisting of real-world studies) regarding the safety and therapeutic use (for different purposes) of semaglutide and tirzepatide in patients with T1D (at different stages of the disease), double diabetes and LADA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T03:41:47Z","timestamp":1739763707000},"page":"1303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of the Second-Generation Incretin Analogs Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Type 1 Diabetes and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2032-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Infante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant\u2019Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Cellular Transplantation, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic, Via dell\u2019Alpinismo 24, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7177-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular Transplantation, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9014-7492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Pacifici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Studies on Lab-on-Chip and Organ on-Chip Applications (IC-LOC), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Pastore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Studies on Lab-on-Chip and Organ on-Chip Applications (IC-LOC), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3287-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Maia","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIVAG, Centro Universit\u00e1rio de V\u00e1rzea Grande, Av. Dom Orlando Chaves, 2655-Cristo Rei, V\u00e1rzea Grande 78118-000, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0722-7163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Caprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfredi","family":"Tesauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2269-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7781-602X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Novelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Alejandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular Transplantation, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6524-4493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"De Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camillo","family":"Ricordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular Transplantation, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Della-Morte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Studies on Lab-on-Chip and Organ on-Chip Applications (IC-LOC), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05906-7","article-title":"The expanding incretin universe: From basic biology to clinical translation","volume":"66","author":"Drucker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.108.000604","article-title":"The role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and diabetes treatment","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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