{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T19:33:56Z","timestamp":1780601636489,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracranial hemorrhage is a rare yet potentially devastating event during pregnancy with a significant risk of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. The risk of intracranial hemorrhage increases during the third trimester of pregnancy and is greatest during labor and the postpartum period. Interdisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of the pregnant population often begins in the emergency department setting and is key to increasing patient survival rates through immediate and adequate treatment, including emergency medicine, neurosurgical and obstetrical procedures. A unique case report with a diagnostic pathway for intracranial hemorrhage due to eclampsia in a primipara at 24 weeks of gestation is presented, illustrating potential diagnostic dilemmas as the patient rapidly progresses into hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome. A literature review was conducted to uncover the etiology of intracranial hemorrhage during pregnancy, as well as its diagnostic challenges and treatment. Pregnancy should not be viewed as a barrier to performing angiography or endovascular treatment for vascular causes of intracranial hemorrhage. Patient transport to a tertiary reference center and the interdisciplinary cooperation of specialists are key to achieving correct and rapid treatment. Continuous prevention of preeclampsia and patient education are necessary to decrease the incidence of eclampsia and its complications. Key message: Intracranial hemorrhage and eclampsia in pregnant patients are rare yet may result in high rates of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The diagnostic process is difficult and requires interdisciplinary cooperation to start the correct treatment immediately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T08:36:19Z","timestamp":1739867779000},"page":"1361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Intracranial Hemorrhage During Pregnancy: An Interdisciplinary Literature Review and a Rare Case Report of Early-Onset Eclampsia with Intracranial Hemorrhage and HELLP Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2473-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Katarzyna","family":"Mazur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Endocrine Gynecology, University Clinical Centre, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"First Doctoral School, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9845-4961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Fercho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, 10th Military Hospital, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Emergency Medicine, University Clinical Centre, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ka\u0142as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Emergency Medicine, University Clinical Centre, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Szaruta-Raflesz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Emergency Medicine, University Clinical Centre, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena Emilia","family":"Grzybowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Endocrine Gynecology, University Clinical Centre, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8219-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Siemi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Emergency Medicine, University Clinical Centre, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz Grzegorz","family":"Wydra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Endocrine Gynecology, University Clinical Centre, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202769","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2769","article-title":"Association of Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage with Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period","volume":"3","author":"Meeks","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. 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