{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:40:16Z","timestamp":1766050816748,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious and prevalent complication of COVID-19. This study examines the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: We analyzed the data of 1223 adult COVID-19 hospitalized patients from a single district hospital during three pandemic periods: 3 November 2020\u201331 December 2020, 17 March 2021\u20138 May 2021, and 4 November 2021\u201321 February 2022. The analysis included demographic data, comorbidities, laboratory results, chest radiographs (CT lung scans), and outcomes. Results: We found an overall AKI incidence of 29.02%. AKI patients versus non-AKI ones were significantly older (median age 76.0 vs. 71.0, p &lt; 0.001) and had more comorbidities, especially previous renal diseases, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and hypertension; they also significantly more often used diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is). AKI patients more frequently presented with abnormal CT lung scans and had higher white blood cell counts, lower lymphocytes percentages, higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and lower platelet counts. They more often required oxygen therapy, more days of hospitalization, and had higher mortality rates. Conclusions: Older age, comorbidities, the use of diuretics, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) are key risk factors for AKI, which is consequently linked to a more severe disease course and poorer prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T05:34:26Z","timestamp":1739943266000},"page":"1384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19-Hospitalized Patients in Poland Across Three Pandemic Periods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Edyko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society Affiliated with the Department of Internal Medicine and Transplant Nephrology, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Zdunek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society Affiliated with the Department of Internal Medicine and Transplant Nephrology, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Nowicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Transplant Nephrology, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Kopci\u0144skiego 22, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3448-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Kurnatowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Transplant Nephrology, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Kopci\u0144skiego 22, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Milestones, Lessons and Prospects","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. 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