{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T12:02:40Z","timestamp":1793793760827,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening cardiopulmonary disease associated with a poor prognosis, with progressive right ventricular (RV) failure being the main cause of death in this vulnerable population. Right heart catheterization remains the gold standard for assessing pulmonary hemodynamics. However, due to its invasive nature, non-invasive imaging methods are gaining increasing interest. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography serves as the primary screening tool for PH and is widely used to estimate its likelihood. Nevertheless, this technique has several limitations, partially addressed through the assistance of a three-dimensional echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) provides a comprehensive evaluation of both the morphology and hemodynamics of right ventricle-pulmonary artery unit, offering essential information for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. While two-dimensional cardiac CMR enables non-invasive characterization of pulmonary hemodynamics, advances in 4D-flow cardiac CMR allow for a more detailed analysis. These advancements enable the assessment of flow patterns, energetics, wall shear stress and severity, offering a more nuanced understanding of the disease. This review aims to provide an in-depth summary of the current data on advanced non-invasive imaging techniques for PH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:36:47Z","timestamp":1740375407000},"page":"1473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Non-Invasive Approach to Pulmonary Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4857-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalma","family":"Horvat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2-4 Clinicilor, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-496X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rares Ilie","family":"Orzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2-4 Clinicilor, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Agoston-Coldea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2-4 Clinicilor, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency County Hospital, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac237","article-title":"2022 ESC\/ ERS Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension Developed by the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS)","volume":"43","author":"Humbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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