{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:19:58Z","timestamp":1778199598860,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Globally, thyroid and parathyroid diseases are common and often require surgery. This review evaluates the current literature on the use of regional anesthesia in these surgeries, highlighting its advantages, limitations, and areas requiring further research. Methods: MEDLINE (via PubMed) and ResearchGate, the largest academic social networks, were utilized to retrieve literature on the topic. Results: Fifteen studies with few patients and largely uncontrolled on the use of loco-regional anesthesia (LRA) not combined with general anesthesia (GA) were found. Meanwhile, twenty-two better quality studies involving several patients on LRA combined GA were found. Conclusions: LRA, in combination with GA, has been proven to be the most reliable evidence for reducing opioid use and postoperative nausea and vomiting. LRA, not combined with GA, has been used in a few well-conducted studies; it seems to be feasible to use even in patients with severe systemic disease. Future controlled studies will need to validate its effectiveness and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:04:28Z","timestamp":1740391468000},"page":"1520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Local and Loco-Regional Anesthesia in Patients Who Underwent Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7263-0229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fiore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via Luigi De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Cosenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via Luigi De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1926-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Parmeggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1362-7393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Coppolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via Luigi De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via Luigi De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Caterina","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via Luigi De Crecchio, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wouters, H., Slagter, S.N., Muller Kobold, A.C., van der Klauw, M.M., and Wolffenbuttel, B.H.R. 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