{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:55:22Z","timestamp":1787165722434,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Data on the impacts of vitamin D deficiency on sarcopenia in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are lacking. We aimed to investigate the relationships between vitamin D levels and sarcopenia in patients with newly diagnosed IBD. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care children\u2019s hospital. Pediatric IBD patients who underwent magnetic resonance (MR) enteroclysis at the time of initial diagnosis were included. Total psoas muscle area (tPMA) at the L4\/L5 intervertebral level was demonstrated on MR by scanning the right and left psoas muscle areas. Sarcopenia was defined as a measurement under the 10th percentile according to MR-derived reference values of tPMA percentile charts for healthy children aged 1\u201318 years. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as a serum 25-OH-D level below 30 ng\/mL and deficiency as that below 20 ng\/mL. Collected data from demographic evaluation, clinic, and laboratory tests were statistically assessed. Results: According to the MR-derived reference values of tPMA, 85% (n = 33) of UC and 81% (n = 21) of CD patients had sarcopenia. The severe vitamin D deficiency ratio was 35.9% (n = 14) in UC and 38.5% (n = 10) in CD. We found that vitamin D levels were similar in patients with UC and CD, while they were significantly lower in the group below the 3rd percentile of tPMA (n = 41, median 9.8) than in the group between the 3rd and 10th percentiles (n = 13, median 16.9; p = 0.038). Conclusions: Formulating strategies to recognize and prevent sarcopenia, including the prevention and\u2014if necessary\u2014the treatment of vitamin D deficiency, could bring multi-faceted benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T12:01:17Z","timestamp":1740484877000},"page":"1548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Are Vitamin D Levels Related to Sarcopenia in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5129-0923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevim","family":"\u00c7akar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University, Izmir 35330, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fclin","family":"Eren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Dr. Beh\u00e7et Uz Children\u2019s Hospital, Izmir 35210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cahit Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"Erdur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Dr. Beh\u00e7et Uz Children\u2019s Hospital, Izmir 35210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"\u00d6nder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Dr. Beh\u00e7et Uz Children\u2019s Hospital, Izmir 35210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eafak","family":"Pelek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Dr. Beh\u00e7et Uz Children\u2019s Hospital, Izmir 35210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duygu","family":"Demirta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Dr. Beh\u00e7et Uz Children\u2019s Hospital, Izmir 35210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"Bekem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Dr. Beh\u00e7et Uz Children\u2019s Hospital, Izmir 35210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c7i\u011fdem \u00d6m\u00fcr","family":"Ecevit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Dr. Beh\u00e7et Uz Children\u2019s Hospital, Izmir 35210, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0331-y","article-title":"Dysbiosis, inflammation, and response to treatment: A longitudinal study of pediatric subjects with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Shaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155557","article-title":"Sarcopenia in youth","volume":"144","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13218","article-title":"Systematic review: Body composition in children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"42","author":"Thangarajah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1681","article-title":"Pediatric Sarcopenia: A Paradigm in the Overall Definition of Malnutrition in Children?","volume":"44","author":"Ooi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-020-00790-x","article-title":"Preoperative assessment of skeletal muscle mass during magnetic resonance enterography in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"73","author":"Celentano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Updates Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3282efc322","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscle","volume":"20","author":"Koltzenburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12514","article-title":"Pediatric reference values for total psoas muscle area","volume":"11","author":"Lurz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritz, A., Lurz, E., and Berger, M. (2022). Sarcopenia in Children with Solid Organ Tumors: An Instrumental Era. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081278"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, A., Triarico, S., Rinninella, E., Natale, L., Brizi, M.G., Cintoni, M., Raoul, P., Maurizi, P., Attin\u00e0, G., and Mastrangelo, S. (2022). Clinical impact of Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia in Pediatric patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas: A pilot retrospective study (SarcoPed). Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020383"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13049","article-title":"Reference values for MRI-derived psoas and paraspinal muscles and macroscopic fat infiltrations in paraspinal muscles in children","volume":"13","author":"Marunowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000546","article-title":"Association between inflammatory bowel disease and vitamin D deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Pietropaoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","article-title":"Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"109","author":"Demay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001896","article-title":"Nutrition in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: A position paper on behalf of the Porto Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition","volume":"66","author":"Miele","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0105-2","article-title":"Vitamin D status and risk for sarcopenia in youth with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"72","author":"Mager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"301","article-title":"Diagnosis of sarcopenia with magnetic resonance imaging of newly diagnosed pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Eren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Anal. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2017.8.3.03","article-title":"Factors affecting sarcopenia in Korean adults by age groups","volume":"8","author":"Bae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000239","article-title":"ESPGHAN revised Porto criteria for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents","volume":"58","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600652013","article-title":"Growth references for Turkish children aged 6 to 18 years","volume":"95","author":"Neyzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.05.029","article-title":"Development, validation, and evaluation of a pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"133","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182662233","article-title":"Management of pediatric ulcerative colitis: Joint ECCO and ESPGHAN evidence-based consensus guidelines","volume":"55","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blagec, P., Sara, S., Tripalo Bato\u0161, A., Trivi\u0107 Ma\u017eurani\u0107, I., Mo\u010di\u0107 Pavi\u0107, A., Mi\u0161ak, Z., and Hojsak, I. (2023). Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Be Used to Assess Sarcopenia in Children with Newly Diagnosed Crohn\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173838"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003091","article-title":"Sarcopenia is a predictor for adverse clinical outcome in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"72","author":"Atlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002958","article-title":"Establishing reference values for lean muscle mass in the pediatric patient","volume":"72","author":"Metzger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8646495","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8646495","article-title":"Nutrition and IBD: Malnutrition and\/or Sarcopenia? A Practical Guide","volume":"2017","author":"Scaldaferri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.6.531","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents","volume":"158","author":"Gordon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatahi, S., Alyahyawi, N., Albadawi, N., Mardali, F., Dara, N., Sohouli, M.H., Prabahar, K., Rohani, P., Koushki, N., and Sayyari, A. (2023). The association between vitamin D status and inflammatory bowel disease among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1007725"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1544-3","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"56","author":"Levin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0841","article-title":"Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"118","author":"Pappa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.5.1077","article-title":"Vitamin D status in children, adolescents, and young adults with Crohn disease","volume":"76","author":"Sentongo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"42","article-title":"Associations of seasonal patterns and vitamin D levels with onset and flares of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"73","author":"Brandvayman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.1.B10","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor genotype is associated with fat-free mass and sarcopenia in elderly men","volume":"59","author":"Roth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.11.024","article-title":"Delving into disability in Crohn\u2019s disease: Dysregulation of molecular pathways may explain skeletal muscle loss in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/5\/1548\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:42:27Z","timestamp":1760028147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/5\/1548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14051548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14051548","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]}}}