{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:05:03Z","timestamp":1792623903790,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":240,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatic diseases encompass a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and systemic sclerosis (SSc). These conditions often result in chronic pain, disability, and reduced quality of life, with unpredictable disease courses that may lead to joint destruction, organ damage, or systemic complications. Biomarkers, defined as measurable indicators of biological processes or conditions, have the potential to transform clinical practice by improving disease diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and treatment decisions. While significant strides have been made in identifying and validating biomarkers in rheumatic diseases, challenges remain in their standardization, clinical utility, and integration into routine practice. This review provides an overview of the current state of biomarkers in rheumatic diseases, their roles in clinical settings, and the emerging advancements in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T10:43:31Z","timestamp":1741085011000},"page":"1735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Precision Medicine in Rheumatology: The Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Treatment Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1174-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Colina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Service, Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Oncology, Ospedale Santa Maria della Scaletta, 40026 Imola, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.81","article-title":"MicroRNAs as biomarkers in rheumatic diseases","volume":"6","author":"Alevizos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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