{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:07:08Z","timestamp":1791994028699,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Due to the increasing global prevalence of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (AD), neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and photobiomodulation (PBM) are considered potential complementary therapies. Objective: We assessed the efficacy and safety of tDCS and PBM and their potential to enhance cognitive functions in individuals with AD. Methods: This review primarily examined studies designed to evaluate the efficacy, followed by an assessment of the safety of tDCS and PBM for people with AD. The databases searched were PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection, resulting in 17 published randomized and controlled trials. References were screened over 5 years (2020\u20132024). The research design used PRISMA guidelines. Results: Fourteen studies were considered for tDCS, and the current literature supports efficacy and safety at an amperage of 2 mA, with electrodes placed on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Three studies were included for PBM. The heterogeneity of these study measures made them unsuitable for combined efficacy analysis, and they did not provide a safety evaluation. Conclusions: Despite differences in efficacy assessments, tDCS and PBM improved cognitive abilities. There is an urgent need to standardize metrics for evaluating efficacy and safety, particularly for PBM. Future research is encouraged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1741236908000},"page":"1766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Photobiomodulation in Improving Cognitive Abilities for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4221-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Cornea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Ioan","family":"Vintil\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Bucu\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"\u0218tef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Elena","family":"Anghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Maria","family":"Grama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Lomnasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2643-0458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea Angela","family":"Stetiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6646-1585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Boicean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4482-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Sava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucian Constantin","family":"Paziuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campulung Moldovenesc Psychiatric Hospital, Trandafirilor Street 2, 725100 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