{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:50:38Z","timestamp":1783669838552,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0018138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0018138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1005797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1005797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021390A00-2123-0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021390A00-2123-0105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0018138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0018138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1005797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1005797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021390A00-2123-0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021390A00-2123-0105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Program for Forest Science Technology","award":["P0018138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0018138"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Program for Forest Science Technology","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1005797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1005797"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Program for Forest Science Technology","award":["2021390A00-2123-0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021390A00-2123-0105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although digital cognitive behavioral therapy (dCBT) is considered effective for anxiety disorders, there is considerable heterogeneity in its efficacy across studies, and its varied treatment content and clinical components may explain such heterogeneity. Objective: This review aimed to identify the efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia, and examine whether applying relevant clinical components of interoceptive exposure, inhibitory-learning-based exposure, and personalization of treatment enhances its efficacy. Methods: Randomized controlled trials of dCBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia with passive or active controls were identified from OVID Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. The overall effect sizes for dCBT groups (interventions through digital platforms based on the internet, mobile, computers, VR, etc.) were aggregated against passive control (placebo\/sham) and active control (traditional CBT) groups. For subgroup analysis, key intervention components such as interoceptive exposure, inhibitory learning, and personalization were assessed dichotomously (0 or 1) along with other study characteristics. The stepwise meta-regression models were applied with traditional and Bayesian statistical testing. The risk of bias and publication bias of included studies were assessed. Results: Among the 31 selected studies, dCBT had an overall effect size of g = 0.70 against passive control and g = \u22120.05 against active control. In subgroup analysis, interoceptive exposure improved the clinical effects for both controls, and inhibitory learning and personalization increased the clinical effects for passive control along with therapist guide\/support and the length of sessions. Many studies were vulnerable to therapist bias and attrition bias. No publication bias was detected. Conclusions: The heterogeneity in clinical effects of dCBT for panic and agoraphobia can be explained by the different intervention factors they include. For effective dCBT, therapists should consider the clinical components relevant to the treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1741236908000},"page":"1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Digital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: A Meta-Analytic Review of Clinical Components to Maximize Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8294-5451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han Wool","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin 16995, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9387-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki Won","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangkyu","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin 16995, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8231-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junghoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moo Eob","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Kyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6564-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeo Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Kyoung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7242-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daeyoung","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2009). Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Panic Disorder, American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.001","article-title":"Dissemination of cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: Overcoming barriers and improving patient access","volume":"30","author":"Gunter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23079","article-title":"Efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for moderate-to-severe symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Carl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.12.67","article-title":"Cognitive behavior therapy via the Internet: A systematic review of applications, clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness","volume":"12","author":"Hedman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2020.100317","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: The \u201cblack swan\u201d for mental health care and a turning point for e-health","volume":"20","author":"Wind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet Interv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getachew, E., Adebeta, T., Muzazu, S.G.Y., Charlie, L., Said, B., Tesfahunei, H.A., Wanjiru, C.L., Acam, J., Kajogoo, V.D., and Solomon, S. (2023). Digital health in the era of COVID-19: Reshaping the next generation of healthcare. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.942703"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-023-00725-7","article-title":"A systematic scoping review of digital health technologies during COVID-19: A new normal in primary health care delivery","volume":"13","author":"Ndayishimiye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision, American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fodor, L.A., Cote\u021b, C.D., Cuijpers, P., Szamoskozi, \u0218., David, D., and Cristea, I.A. (2018). The effectiveness of virtual reality-based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28113-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2019.1628808","article-title":"Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Stech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0910-2","article-title":"Digital Technologies in the Treatment of Anxiety: Recent Innovations and Future Directions","volume":"20","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717003919","article-title":"Dismantling cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder: A systematic review and component network meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Pompoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.10.009","article-title":"Origins and outlook of interoceptive exposure","volume":"53","author":"Boettcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.06.006","article-title":"Maximizing the efficacy of interoceptive exposure by optimizing inhibitory learning: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Deacon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.003","article-title":"Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy","volume":"46","author":"Craske","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.04.006","article-title":"Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach","volume":"58","author":"Craske","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.009","article-title":"Factors influencing the success of exposure therapy for specific phobia: A systematic review","volume":"108","author":"Altegoer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smits, J.A.J., Powers, M.B., and Otto, M.W. (2019). Personalized Exposure Therapy: A Person-Centered Transdiagnostic Approach, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/med-psych\/9780190602451.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3595","article-title":"The Precision Medicine Initiative","volume":"313","author":"Ashley","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S337814","article-title":"From Personalized Medicine to Precision Psychiatry?","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W., and Shafran, R. (2009). Cognitive Behavioural Processes Across Psychological Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Research and Treatment, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.05.007","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of individually tailored Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders in a primary care population: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Nordgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2017.1388276","article-title":"Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with anxiety and depression: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Silfvernagel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Internet-delivered transdiagnostic and tailored cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"46","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (2011). NECA\u2019s Guidance for Undertaking Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Intervention, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2005.11.333","article-title":"Bias Control in Trials of Bodywork: A Review of Methodological Issues","volume":"11","author":"Mehling","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.11.1571","article-title":"Multicenter Collaborative Panic Disorder Severity Scale","volume":"154","author":"Shear","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90140-8","article-title":"The Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia","volume":"23","author":"Chambless","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.52.6.1090","article-title":"Assessment of fear of fear in agoraphobics: The Body Sensations Questionnaire and the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire","volume":"52","author":"Chambless","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(79)90041-X","article-title":"Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients","volume":"17","author":"Marks","year":"1979","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199506000-00003","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia. II. The Panic and Agoraphobia Scale","volume":"10","author":"Bandelow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"101","article-title":"Un nuevo inventario de agorafobia (IA)","volume":"18","author":"Odriozola","year":"1992","journal-title":"An\u00e1lisis Modif. Conducta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1186549","article-title":"On Using Bayesian Methods to Address Small Sample Problems","volume":"23","author":"McNeish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"B04307","article-title":"Bayesian forecasting of recurrent earthquakes and predictive performance for a small sample size","volume":"116","author":"Nomura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Gwet, K. (2001). Handbook of Inter-Rater Reliability, Stataxis Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.001826","article-title":"Internet cognitive-behavioural treatment for panic disorder: Randomised controlled trial and evidence of effectiveness in primary care","volume":"2","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002270","article-title":"Effects of a transdiagnostic unguided Internet intervention (\u201cvelibra\u201d) for anxiety disorders in primary care: Results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Berger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m, J., Andersson, G., Lj\u00f3tsson, B., R\u00fcck, C., Andr\u00e9ewitch, S., Karlsson, A., Carlbring, P., Andersson, E., and Lindefors, N. (2010). Internet-versus group-administered cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder in a psychiatric setting: A randomised trial. BMC Psychiatry, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-54"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.524","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: A controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Botella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.12.2119","article-title":"Remote Treatment of Panic Disorder: A Randomized Trial of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy Supplemented With Telephone Calls","volume":"163","author":"Carlbring","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.10.002","article-title":"Treatment of panic disorder: Live therapy vs. self-help via the Internet","volume":"43","author":"Carlbring","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(01)80019-8","article-title":"Treatment of panic disorder via the internet: A randomized trial of a self-help program","volume":"32","author":"Carlbring","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.387","article-title":"Effects of Group Experiential Cognitive Therapy for the Treatment of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.03.009","article-title":"Internet-based treatment for panic disorder: A three-arm randomized controlled trial comparing guided (via real-time video sessions) with unguided self-help treatment and a waitlist control","volume":"56","author":"Ciuca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20829","DOI":"10.2196\/20829","article-title":"Evaluating a Hybrid Web-Based Training Program for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"23","author":"Ebenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(87)80047-3","article-title":"Self-treatment of agoraphobia by exposure","volume":"18","author":"Ghosh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.09.012","article-title":"Guided and unguided Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for social anxiety disorder and\/or panic disorder provided via the Internet and a smartphone application: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Ivanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, L., Titov, N., Andrews, G., Spence, J., and Dear, B.F. (2011). A RCT of a Transdiagnostic Internet-Delivered Treatment for Three Anxiety Disorders: Examination of Support Roles and Disorder-Specific Outcomes. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028079"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.6.1068","article-title":"A Comparison of Delivery Methods of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder: An International Multicenter Trial","volume":"71","author":"Kenardy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.01.008","article-title":"Is internet-based CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia as effective as face-to-face CBT?","volume":"22","author":"Kiropoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2005.07.001","article-title":"Efficacy of internet therapy for panic disorder","volume":"37","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000342715","article-title":"Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Does Not Provide Any Additional Value in Agoraphobic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"82","author":"Meyerbroeker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.1.178","article-title":"Comparison of palmtop-computer-assisted brief cognitive-behavioral treatment to cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder","volume":"65","author":"Newman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2020.104171","article-title":"Efficacy of mobile app-based interactive cognitive behavioral therapy using a chatbot for panic disorder","volume":"140","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2016.1163615","article-title":"Internet-based self-help treatment for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial comparing mandatory versus optional complementary psychological support","volume":"45","author":"Oromendia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"35","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia: A randomized comparison study","volume":"5","author":"Pelissolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"133","article-title":"The combined use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of agoraphobia","volume":"43","author":"Pitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/13284200500378795","article-title":"Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for panic disorder: Does the inclusion of stress management information improve end-state functioning?","volume":"10","author":"Richards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.01.010","article-title":"Web-based therapist-assisted cognitive behavioral treatment of panic symptoms: A randomized controlled trial with a three-year follow-up","volume":"24","author":"Ruwaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30590","DOI":"10.2196\/30590","article-title":"Effectiveness of Self-Guided Virtual Reality-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder","volume":"8","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1853","article-title":"Individually Tailored Internet-Based Treatment for Young Adults and Adults With Panic Attacks: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Silfvernagel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.05.014","article-title":"Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Titov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2362","article-title":"An Internet-Based Guided Self-Help Intervention for Panic Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Riper","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1089\/109493103322011632","article-title":"Experiential Cognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Panic Disorders with Agoraphobia: A Controlled Study","volume":"6","author":"Vincelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3109\/00048671003614171","article-title":"Clinician-Assisted Internet-Based Treatment is Effective for Panic: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"44","author":"Wims","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Woolaway-Bickel, K. (2007). An Empirical Test of Calm for PD: A Computer-Administered Learning Module for Panic Disorder. [Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2018.05.005","article-title":"Interpretation of subgroup analyses in systematic reviews: A tutorial","volume":"7","author":"Richardson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Abramowitz, J.S., Deacon, B.J., and Whiteside, S.P.H. (2019). Exposure Therapy for Anxiety, Guilford Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2017.1280843","article-title":"Creating state of the art, next-generation Virtual Reality exposure therapies for anxiety disorders using consumer hardware platforms: Design considerations and future directions","volume":"46","author":"Lindner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152447","article-title":"Personalized virtual reality exposure for panic disorder and agoraphobia: A preliminary neurophysiological study","volume":"129","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070903318960","article-title":"Internet-Based and Other Computerized Psychological Treatments for Adult Depression: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"38","author":"Andersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandelow, B., and Wedekind, D. (2022). Internet psychotherapeutic interventions for anxiety disorders\u2014A critical evaluation. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04002-1"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2024.100751","article-title":"A scoping review of therapist behaviors in guided digital mental health interventions","volume":"37","author":"Miguel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internet Interv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722003683","article-title":"CBT treatment delivery formats for panic disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"53","author":"Papola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0058-9","article-title":"Health intelligence: How artificial intelligence transforms population and personalized health","volume":"1","author":"Michalowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12286","DOI":"10.2196\/12286","article-title":"Applications of Machine Learning in Real-Life Digital Health Interventions: Review of the Literature","volume":"21","author":"Triantafyllidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-01948-0","article-title":"When to believe a subgroup analysis: Revisiting the 11 criteria","volume":"36","author":"Farrokhyar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.09.010","article-title":"Credibility of subgroup analyses by socioeconomic status in public health intervention evaluations: An underappreciated problem?","volume":"6","author":"Inglis","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSM-Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c117","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c117","article-title":"Is a subgroup effect believable? Updating criteria to evaluate the credibility of subgroup analyses","volume":"340","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/5\/1771\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:48:10Z","timestamp":1760028490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/5\/1771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14051771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14051771","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]}}}