{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:35:16Z","timestamp":1787654116779,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To compare the health status, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in survivors of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) at 8, 12, and 24 months post-diagnosis. Methods: We conducted a prospective, single-center follow-up study embedded within a larger multicenter cohort of adults with COVID-19 who required hospital admission. Eligible participants underwent clinical interviews, physical examinations, chest radiography, and the 6-min walk test (6MWT). Standardized scales were used to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and HRQoL. Results: Out of 1295 patients with COVID-19, 365 developed ARDS, of whom 166 survived. After excluding deaths and loss to follow-up, 95 patients were monitored for 24 months. Over 60% of patients had persistent symptoms, though significant improvements were recorded in quality of life and physical recovery. More than 70% recovered their previous physical capacity, but 15% did not return to their usual lifestyle habits. Symptoms such as arthralgia and fatigue decreased, but cognitive issues, such as memory loss and insomnia, persisted. Radiological improvements were noted, although pulmonary function remained impaired. The prevalence of PTSD and anxiety decreased, while depression remained stable at around 30%. Conclusions: Long COVID continues to impose significant physical, mental, and social challenges. Symptoms like fatigue and anxiety have a profound impact on daily life. Strategies are urgently needed to help patients regain health and resume their normal lives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T05:46:52Z","timestamp":1741585612000},"page":"1852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long COVID in ARDS Survivors: Insights from a Two-Year-Follow-Up Study After the First Wave of the Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7589-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit","family":"Aranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Complex Hospitalari Mois\u00e8s Broggi, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Consorci Sanitari Alt Pened\u00e8s-Garraf, 08720 Vilafranca del Pened\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Oriol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Complex Hospitalari Mois\u00e8s Broggi, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Research, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases Network (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Science Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases Network (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Complex Hospitalari Mois\u00e8s Broggi, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Complex Hospitalari Mois\u00e8s Broggi, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Feria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Complex Hospitalari Mois\u00e8s Broggi, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Pe\u00f1afiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Advisory Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Coloma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Complex Hospitalari Mois\u00e8s Broggi, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Borjabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Complex Hospitalari Mois\u00e8s Broggi, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Clivill\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, CLILAB Diagn\u00f2stics, 08720 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Vacas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Complex Hospitalari Mois\u00e8s Broggi, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Carratal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Research, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases Network (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Science Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, 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