{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:56Z","timestamp":1787028656090,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a global condition usually associated with poor health. While common, it appears underdiagnosed due to repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction during the sleep cycle. It is accompanied by other health risks like cardiovascular issues and conditions. Identifying craniofacial characteristics linked to OSAS may enhance diagnostic precision and treatment planning. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between cephalometric variables and OSAS and determine whether craniofacial features influence the syndrome\u2019s development and severity. Methods: Thirty participants were split into two groups: 15 diagnosed with OSAS and 15 controls. Cephalometric evaluations were performed using standardized lateral imaging, with craniofacial, dental, and hyoid bone parameters assessed. Statistical analysis compared these variables between groups to identify significant differences. Results: OSAS patients exhibited significantly shorter maxillary and mandibular lengths, increased anterior facial height, and reduced posterior facial height compared to controls. Dental analysis revealed reduced interincisal angles and lower mandibular incisor positions in the OSAS group. The hyoid bone was positioned lower and more posteriorly in OSAS patients, with significant differences in its distance to the C3 vertebra and mandibular plane. Although the soft palate dimensions were larger in OSAS patients, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: OSAS is associated with distinct craniofacial features, including shorter maxillary and mandibular lengths, altered facial height proportions, and lower hyoid bone positioning. These findings suggest that craniofacial morphology plays a significant role in OSAS pathophysiology. Future studies hinting at three-dimensional imaging could provide deeper insights into these associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T04:29:18Z","timestamp":1741926558000},"page":"1963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Comprehensive Analysis of the Interrelationship Between Craniofacial Variables in Cephalometric Analysis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Olja","family":"Tanellari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2279-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adela","family":"Alushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7449-3413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ghanim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operator for Healthcare Services (OSHKSH), 1000 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7712-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Balcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Petru","family":"Cioloca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7861-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina Nicoleta","family":"Zetu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110064","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"2","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2009.10.005","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the Sao Paulo epidemiologic sleep study","volume":"11","author":"Tufik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"233","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Natural history, diagnosis, and emerging treatment options","volume":"2","author":"Gharibeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. 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