{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:03:26Z","timestamp":1760058206394,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: This study aims to identify cardiovascular risk factors among 91 patients with multiple sclerosis in Bucharest, Romania, using data from medical records and a self-administered questionnaire. Materials and Methods: The research focuses on smoking status, body mass index, blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, and renal function. The average age of the patients was 42.90 \u00b1 10.60 years, and 74.73% were female. The average BMI was 23.89 kg\/m2 \u00b1 4.74 kg\/m2 (lower than in the general population), with 41.76% of patients having a BMI outside normal limits. The majority were former smokers (35.87%), followed by non-smokers (28.26%), and the fewest were smokers of more than 20 cigarettes\/day (7.61%). The average total cholesterol was 198.48 \u00b1 38.56 mg\/dL, triglycerides were 114.22 mg\/dL \u00b1 76.2281 mg\/dL, and blood glucose was 97.54 \u00b1 36.58 mg\/dL. While 25.27% of the patients had fasting blood glucose &gt; 126 mg\/dL, only five patients were diagnosed with DM. The average blood pressure was 137.5165 \u00b1 19.5047 mmHg, with only 11 patients diagnosed with HTA. Results: The study found an average cardiovascular risk of 6.6133% \u00b1 7.1412%, with higher values among males, rural patients, those with secondary-progressive MS, and those with a disease progression &gt;10 years (after age adjustment). Conclusions: The study underscores the importance of identifying and combating cardiovascular risk factors in patients with multiple sclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14062001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T04:29:28Z","timestamp":1742185768000},"page":"2001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unmasking the Silent Threat: Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in MS Patients in Bucharest, Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Florentina Cristina","family":"Ple\u0219a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences Department, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena Andreea","family":"Arsene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Ple\u0219a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0103ndica","family":"Bucuric\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 5, Internal medicine and Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Anghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Medico-Surgical and Prophylactic Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu\u2019 University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-1066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen Adella","family":"S\u00eerbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences Department, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica Marilena","family":"\u021a\u00e2n\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Assistance and Kinesiology, Faculty of Sciences, Physical Education, and Informatics, University Center of Pite\u0219ti, 110040 Pite\u0219ti, Romania"},{"name":"National University of Science and Technology Politehnica, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Andrei","family":"Badea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u2018Dr. Carol Davila\u2019 Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6345-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavian","family":"Vasiliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d University Central Emergency Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice Elena","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u2018Dr. Carol Davila\u2019 Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical and Prophylactical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Titu Maiorescu\u2019 University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, October 25). WHO Endorses Landmark Public Health Decisions on Essential Medicines for Multiple Sclerosis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/26-07-2023-who-endorses-landmark-public-health-decisions-on-essential-medicines-for-multiple-sclerosis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis\u2014A Review","volume":"26","author":"Dobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00362","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.362","article-title":"An Update on Immunopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003144","article-title":"Contribution of the Symptomatic Lesion in Establishing MS Diagnosis and Prognosis","volume":"87","author":"Tintore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: 2017 Revisions of the McDonald Criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piquet, A.L., and Alvarez, E. (2021). Evolution of the Diagnostic Criteria in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroimmunology, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61883-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2024, December 21). What Is the Socioeconomic Burden of Cardiovascular Disease?. Available online: https:\/\/www.wifor.com\/en\/socioeconomic-burden-of-cardiovascular-disease\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0664","article-title":"Evaluating the Risk of Macrovascular Events and Mortality Among People With Multiple Sclerosis in England","volume":"77","author":"Palladino","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514564485","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Incidence and Prevalence of Cardiac, Cerebrovascular, and Peripheral Vascular Disease in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Marrie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002087","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2022-002087","article-title":"Differences of Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Clinical Practice Using SCORE and SCORE2","volume":"9","author":"Csenteri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"B5212","article-title":"Gender Differences in Multiple Sclerosis Epidemiology and Treatment Response","volume":"63","author":"Magyari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319895","article-title":"Pregnancy and Reproductive Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Women","volume":"130","author":"Michos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iorga, A., Cunningham, C.M., Moazeni, S., Ruffenach, G., Umar, S., and Eghbali, M. (2017). The Protective Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease and the Controversial Use of Estrogen Therapy. Biol. Sex. Differ., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-017-0152-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2023.07.013","article-title":"The Canadian Women\u2019s Heart Health Alliance ATLAS on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Women\u2014Chapter 7: Sex, Gender, and the Social Determinants of Health","volume":"6","author":"Norris","year":"2023","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, September 16). Statistics|Eurostat. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/ilc_pw01\/default\/table?lang=en."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi, S., Andayeshgar, B., and Khatony, A. (2020). Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Kermanshah-Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02579-z"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2025, February 26). Statistics|Eurostat. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/hlth_ehis_sk1c\/bookmark\/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=440194bd-fc13-44d8-9c4c-bec758227f5e."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i2156","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2156","article-title":"BMI and All Cause Mortality: Systematic Review and Non-Linear Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of 230 Cohort Studies with 3.74 Million Deaths among 30.3 Million Participants","volume":"353","author":"Aune","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"4036232","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Obesity: Possible Roles of Adipokines","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12738","article-title":"Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Components in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Significant Disability","volume":"22","author":"Livne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211019243","article-title":"Hypertension and Hypertension Severity in Hispanics\/Latinx with MS","volume":"27","author":"Robers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001572","article-title":"Perspectives on Hypertension\u2019s Prevalence, Treatment and Control in a High Cardiovascular Risk East European Country","volume":"36","author":"Dorobantu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516650512","article-title":"Influence of Hypertension, Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, and Obstructive Lung Disease on Multiple Sclerosis Disease Course","volume":"23","author":"Conway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.je.2016.06.006","article-title":"A Population-Based Cohort Study Suggests an Increased Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Incidence in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"15598276231195572","article-title":"Diabetes Care in Romania: A Lesson on the Central Role of Lifestyle Medicine","volume":"2023","author":"Roman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"449","article-title":"Prevalence of Hypercholesterolemia, High LDL, and Low HDL in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Kiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucurica, S., Nancoff, A.S., Dutu, M., Mititelu, M.R., Gaman, L.E., Ioni\u021b\u0103-Radu, F., Jinga, M., Maniu, I., and Ru\u021ba, F. (2024). Exploring the Relationship between Lipid Profile, Inflammatory State and 25-OH Vitamin D Serum Levels in Hospitalized Patients. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081686"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2024, December 22). History of Interferon Treatments in Multiple Sclerosis\u201460 Years of Progress\u2014Farmacia Journal. Available online: https:\/\/farmaciajournal.com\/issue-articles\/history-of-interferon-treatments-in-multiple-sclerosis-60-years-of-progress\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0170-8","article-title":"Reaching an Evidence-Based Prognosis for Personalized Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Rotstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"119","article-title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Fingolimod: A Review Article","volume":"13","author":"Behjati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantinescu, V., Haase, R., Akg\u00fcn, K., and Ziemssen, T. (2024). Long-Term Effects of Siponimod on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Nervous System in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1431380"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalkh, G., Abi Nahed, R., Macaron, G., and Rensel, M. (2020). Safety of Newer Disease Modifying Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010012"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plesa, C.F., Chitimus, D.M., Sirbu, C.A., \u021a\u00e2n\u021bu, M.M., Ghinescu, M.C., Anghel, D., and Ionita-Radu, F. (2022). Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Interferon Beta-1a-Treated Patient Diagnosed with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010080"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"95","article-title":"Mechanism and Adverse Effects of Multiple Sclerosis Drugs: A Review Article. Part 1","volume":"11","author":"Zadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"139","article-title":"The Effect of Tryptophan Administration on Fatty Acid Synthesis in the Livers of Rats under Various Nutritional Conditions","volume":"78","author":"Miyazawa","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104876","article-title":"Effects of Disease-Modifying Therapies on Lipid Parameters in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"77","author":"Koca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-021-01647-9","article-title":"Serum Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Their Association with Clinical Manifestations and MRI Findings","volume":"122","author":"Nazeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SCORE2 Working Group and Esc Cardiovascular Risk Collaboration, Hageman, S., Pennells, L., Ojeda, F., Kaptoge, S., Kuulasmaa, K., De Vries, T., Xu, Z., Kee, F., and Chung, R. (2021). SCORE2 Risk Prediction Algorithms: New Models to Estimate 10-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Europe. Eur. Heart J., 42, 2439\u20132454.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab309"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12720","article-title":"The Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Score in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Moccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trimarchi, G., Pizzino, F., Paradossi, U., Gueli, I.A., Palazzini, M., Gentile, P., Di Spigno, F., Ammirati, E., Garascia, A., and Tedeschi, A. (2024). Charting the Unseen: How Non-Invasive Imaging Could Redefine Cardiovascular Prevention. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11080245"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/6\/2001\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:21Z","timestamp":1760028861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/6\/2001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14062001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14062001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]}}}