{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:03:32Z","timestamp":1783483412777,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"members of the British and Irish University and College Contact Lens Educators (BUCCLE)"},{"name":"Alcon"},{"name":"Bauch + Lomb"},{"name":"CooperVision Johnson &amp; Johnson Vision Care, No7"},{"name":"Menicon"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Backgrounds\/Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare differences in the physical characteristics of lissamine green (LG) strips and the outcomes of using different staining techniques. Methods: Two separate complementary investigations were conducted. Physical study: Differences between four LG strips were evaluated in terms of material, dye concentration, and dye absorption. In vivo study: Bulbar conjunctival staining was compared for four application methods of I-DEW LG strips presented in a randomized order for twenty-two participants: (1) single application 5 s after wetting (also repeated using GreenGlo for comparison), (2) single application using two strips held together, 5 s after wetting, (3) two applications using a single LG strip 5 s after wetting, 1 minute apart, (4) the same as method 3, with a single fluorescein strip in between LG applications. White light imaging was performed immediately following application and after 30, 60, 90, and 300 s. Three masked practitioners independently evaluated the randomized staining images for spot count and staining intensity. Results: Physical study: Strip paper fibres demonstrated visible similarities, with no difference in saline absorption (p &gt; 0.05). LG concentration increased as saline retention duration increased (F = 964.1, p &lt; 0.001), and GreenGlo tips were significantly darker (F = 2775.2, p &lt; 0.001). In vivo study: I-DEW application resulted in less conjunctival staining than GreenGlo (p &lt; 0.001). Amongst I-DEW application techniques, staining levels were similar (p &gt; 0.05); however, staining intensity was significantly higher following two applications of I-DEW, 1 min apart, compared to a single application (p = 0.042). Both spot count and staining intensity decreased with time (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Two applications of I-DEW using a single strip, 1 min apart, after wetting with a single drop of saline provided maximal staining. There was also a significant difference in staining intensity observed between LG products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14062022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T04:29:28Z","timestamp":1742185768000},"page":"2022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Comparison of Physical Characteristics in Different Brands and Staining Techniques in a Brand of Lissamine Green Strips"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9171-3070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neema","family":"Ghorbani-Mojarrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"},{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4673-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James S.","family":"Wolffsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Aotearoa New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8297-5319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer P.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Aotearoa New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2204-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debarun","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byki","family":"Huntjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Sciences, City St George\u2019s, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raheel","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarghona","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, 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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5913-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Vianya-Estopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology report","volume":"15","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. 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