{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:02:07Z","timestamp":1789131727753,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-expandable lung (NEL) occurs when the lung fails to fully re-expand after pleural fluid drainage, complicating management and limiting therapeutic options. Diagnosis, based on clinical symptoms, pleural manometry, and traditional imaging, is often delayed to the peri- or post-procedural stages, leading to improper management, complications, and higher healthcare costs. Therefore, early, pre-procedural diagnostic methods are needed. Thoracic ultrasound (TUS) has emerged as a non-invasive tool with the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and guide clinical decisions, yet, it remains inadequately studied within the context of NEL. We conducted a non-systematic narrative review using a structured methodology, including a comprehensive database search, predefined inclusion criteria, and QUADAS-2 quality assessment. This approach ensured a rigorous synthesis of evidence on TUS in NEL, with the aim of identifying knowledge gaps and guiding future studies. Non-invasive, real-time, bedside M-mode TUS has demonstrated efficacy in predicting NEL prior to thoracentesis by detecting an absent sinusoidal sign and reduced atelectatic lung movement. Emerging experimental techniques, including 2D shear wave elastography (SWE), speckle tracking imaging (STI) strain analysis, the lung\/liver echogenicity (LLE) ratio, TUS assessment of dynamic air bronchograms, and pleural thickening evaluation, show additional potential to enhance pre-procedural NEL detection. However, all these methods have significant limitations that require further comprehensive investigation. Despite their significant promise, TUS modalities for early NEL detection still require rigorous validation and standardization before broad clinical use. A multimodal diagnostic approach, combining clinical manifestations, pleural manometry, radiologic and ultrasonographic findings, along with emerging techniques (once fully validated), may provide the most extensive framework for NEL. Regardless of advancements, patient-centered care and shared decision-making remain essential. Further research is needed to improve outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance long-term treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14062062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T06:02:40Z","timestamp":1742277760000},"page":"2062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Thoracic Ultrasound for Pre-Procedural Dynamic Assessment of Non-Expandable Lung: A Non-Invasive, Real-Time and Multifaceted Diagnostic Tool"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6122-7792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Marchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Cucchiara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Guglielmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Serradori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Gherardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Gabbrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5612-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pistelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Carrozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201811-786OC","article-title":"The Prevalence and Clinical Relevance of Nonexpandable Lung in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. 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