{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:53:29Z","timestamp":1789772009436,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)","award":["18E2B24N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18E2B24N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Static ice storage (SIS) has long been accepted as the conventional lung preservation method, assuming to maintain 4 \u00b0C temperature. Although never directly confirmed by temperature measurements, this assumption has been widely accepted. We aimed to measure lung and preservation temperature with SIS in porcine experiments and clinical observations. Methods: Porcine lungs were preserved with SIS for 8 h (group I, n = 3) and 3 h followed by 10 \u00b0C storage (group II, n = 3). Tissue (tissueT\u00b0), first bag preservation solution (psT\u00b0) and second bag saline (salineT\u00b0) temperature were monitored. In clinical lungs (n = 4), psT\u00b0 was monitored during SIS. Surface (surfaceT\u00b0) and core (coreT\u00b0) temperature were assessed before and after SIS (n = 62). Results: After 4 h in porcine lung group I, average tissueT\u00b0 was 0.66 \u00b0C, psT\u00b0 was 0.12 \u00b0C and salineT\u00b0 was \u22120.02 \u00b0C. After 3 h in group II, average tissueT\u00b0 was 1.90 \u00b0C, psT\u00b0 was 0.57 \u00b0C and salineT\u00b0 was 2.33 \u00b0C. In clinical observations, psT\u00b0 was below 4 \u00b0C after 9\u201313 min and 0 \u00b0C after 78\u2013267 min. After SIS, median surfaceT\u00b0 was 1.25 \u00b0C (min-max; \u22123.2\u20139.2 \u00b0C) and coreT\u00b0 was 1.45 \u00b0C (\u22120.4\u20134.8 \u00b0C). Conclusions: SIS leads to rapid temperature drops below 4 \u00b0C, approaching 0 \u00b0C within 2\u20134 h. The post-SIS lung temperature shows considerable variability and does not consistently remain at the commonly assumed 4 \u00b0C, posing potential freezing injury to donor lungs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14062127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T12:23:11Z","timestamp":1742473391000},"page":"2127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Temperature Dynamics of Porcine and Human Lungs During Static Ice Storage: Ice Is Not 4 \u00b0C"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ismail","family":"Cenik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Slambrouck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2358-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Barbarossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8011-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An-Lies","family":"Provoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratik","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paragonix Technologies Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Churchill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paragonix Technologies Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Bulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paragonix Technologies Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4002-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Haney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-7100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurens J.","family":"Ceulemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.11.84","article-title":"History of lung transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Venuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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