{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T22:08:02Z","timestamp":1781906882036,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune-induced alopecia, such as alopecia areata, involves immune-mediated damage to hair follicles, leading to significant hair loss. Emerging therapies that stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) show promise in counteracting follicular degradation and supporting hair regrowth. This communication highlights the potential of iron chelators, specifically deferoxamine (DFO) and deferiprone (DFP), to stabilize HIF-1\u03b1 by reducing iron availability, thereby promoting vascularization, cellular proliferation, and a regenerative environment in the hair follicle niche. Clinical trials with iron chelators demonstrated improvements in hair density, thickness, and elasticity, as well as a reduction in hair loss by up to 66.8% over six months. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of iron chelators in autoimmune alopecia management. Future research should explore the synergistic use of iron chelators with immune-modulating therapies, positioning them as viable options in the evolving field of alopecia treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T04:58:38Z","timestamp":1742533118000},"page":"2133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Iron Chelators in the Management of Autoimmune-Induced Alopecia: A Focus on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Modulation and Hair Restoration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pagani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef S. Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Thor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Geneva College of Longevity Science, GCLS, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana C.","family":"Panayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charit\u00e8\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvan M.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef S. Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Geis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef S. Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Knoedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef S. Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5798-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Knoedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2496-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo A. G.","family":"Perozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Sofo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Ivo Pitanguy, Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia Rio de Janeiro, Pontificia Universidade Cat\u00f2lica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Loucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef S. 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Psychological Stress-Induced Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata: Autoimmune and Apoptotic Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411711"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17011","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.11","article-title":"Alopecia areata","volume":"3","author":"Pratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaa142","article-title":"Deferiprone Stimulates Aged Dermal Fibroblasts via HIF-1\u03b1 Modulation","volume":"41","author":"Pagani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido-Rodr\u00edguez, V., \u00c1lvarez-R\u00edos, A.I., Olivas-Mart\u00ednez, I., Pozo-Balado, M.d.M., Bulnes-Ramos, \u00c1., Leal, M., and Pacheco, Y.M. (2022). Dysregulation of iron metabolism modulators in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. Front. 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