{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:54:20Z","timestamp":1791500060706,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease often associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. Recent research suggests a link between systemic inflammation and insulin\u2013glucose dysregulation in HS. This study investigates the relationship between insulin\u2013glucose homeostasis, diabetes mellitus and the haptoglobin concentration in HS patients. Methods: We assessed 95 HS patients and 49 controls using validated fasting-based function tests, including the Structural Parameter Inference Approach (SPINA), Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI). Results: The HS patients had a significantly higher fasting insulin concentration (97.2 vs. 69.0 pmol\/L, p = 0.035), increased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: 3.47 vs. 2.57, p = 0.016) and impaired insulin sensitivity (SPINA-GR: 1.34 vs. 1.76 mol\/s, p = 0.017). In diabetes, the insulin sensitivity was more strongly reduced (SPINA-GR: 0.61 vs. 1.41 mol\/s, p = 0.0057) and the insulin resistance increased (HOMA-IR: 7.3 vs. 3.2, p = 0.017). Higher haptoglobin concentrations were accompanied by worse glycaemic control, demonstrating a significantly elevated fasting glucose (5.77 vs. 5.11 mmol\/L, p = 0.043) concentration and HbA1c (5.7% vs. 5.4%, p = 0.0081) fraction. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that chronic inflammation in HS contributes to metabolic dysregulation, worsening insulin resistance and glycaemic control, particularly in those with elevated haptoglobin or diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T09:09:07Z","timestamp":1742548147000},"page":"2145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Endotyping Insulin\u2013Glucose Homeostasis in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nessr","family":"Abu Rached","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Hidradenitis Suppurativa\/Acne Inversa (ICH), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes W.","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Department of Internal Medicine I, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Diabetes Centre Bochum-Hattingen, St. Elisabeth-Hospital Blankenstein, Im Vogelsang 5-11, 45527 Hattingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Ruhr Centre for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University Bochum and Witten\/Herdecke University, Alexandrinenstr. 5, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Diabetes Technology, Catholic Hospitals Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Ocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Hidradenitis Suppurativa\/Acne Inversa (ICH), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eggert","family":"Stockfleth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Hidradenitis Suppurativa\/Acne Inversa (ICH), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5995-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannik","family":"Haven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Hidradenitis Suppurativa\/Acne Inversa (ICH), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Myszkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Hidradenitis Suppurativa\/Acne Inversa (ICH), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0418-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falk G.","family":"Bechara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Hidradenitis Suppurativa\/Acne Inversa (ICH), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Onghia, M., Malvaso, D., Galluccio, G., Antonelli, F., Coscarella, G., Rubegni, P., Peris, K., and Calabrese, L. 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