{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:04:42Z","timestamp":1760058282795,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This paper addresses the possibility of replacing subjective evaluations of mental disorders with analytical tools based on large data provided by wearable sensors in combination with subsequent complexity mesoscale data projection using constitutive mathematical frameworks. Methods: The presented methods are based on the combination of a complexity\/fractal approach and stochastic optimization, yielding Digital Mental Biomarkers (DMBs). Results: Analytic indexing can effectively augment the Young Mania Rating Scale, DSM-5 criteria, or structured interview diagnostics. The analytical approach allows us to carry out a prediction of mental disorder evolution as well as a subsequent probability characterization of BD episode progression over time. Conclusions: The presented analytical framework presents a semicontinuous diagnostic tool in the area of mental disorders, specifically applicable to bipolar disorder with corresponding manic episode indexing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T06:21:38Z","timestamp":1742797298000},"page":"2159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Characterization and Prediction of Bipolar Disorder Evolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0403-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Kloucek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPAA, H\u00f4pital de Cery, Route de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"von Gunten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPAA, H\u00f4pital de Cery, Route de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4034-5655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylfa","family":"Fassassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Psychiatrie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale, Site de Cery, Lausanne University Hospital, Route de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12423","article-title":"The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"18","author":"Ferrari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12499","article-title":"Is a delay in the diagnosis 307 of bipolar disorder inevitable?","volume":"19","author":"Fritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950230061009","article-title":"Evidence of Chaotic Mood Variation in Bipolar Disorder","volume":"52","author":"Gottschalk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. 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Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessina, E., Martini, A., Raffone, F., and Martiadis, V. (2023). Cariprazine augmentation in patients with treatment resistant unipolar depression who failed to respond to previous atypical antipsychotic add-on. A case-series. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1299368"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krane-Gartiser, K., Henriksen, T.E.G., Morken, G., Vaaler, A., and Fasmer, O.B. (2014). Actigraphic assessment of motor activity in acutely admitted inpatients with bipolar disorder. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089574"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"140","article-title":"Multi-fractal dynamics of activity data in bipolar disorder: Towards automated early warning of manic relapse","volume":"2","author":"Heath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fractal Geom. Nonlinear Anal. Med. 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