{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:45:00Z","timestamp":1790912700868,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) manifests as impaired auditory information processing despite normal peripheral hearing. Current clinical protocols lack standardization, hampering evidence-based intervention development. Objective: This review analyzes APD research developments from 2011 to 2025, examining diagnostic criteria, assessment protocols, and treatment effectiveness. Methods: Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were analyzed (January 2011\u2013January 2025), following PRISMA guidelines. Two reviewers independently screened 413 articles, with 156 meeting inclusion criteria. Analysis included chi-square tests for intervention distribution and t-tests for diagnostic comparisons (\u03b1 = 0.05). Results: Among 156 studies analyzed, medical interventions were markedly underrepresented (n = 4) compared to rehabilitative approaches (n = 52; \u03c72 = 50.28, p &lt; 0.001). The Random Gap Detection Test and Dichotic Digits Difference Test were most frequently used (12.86% and 10.48% of studies, respectively). Cognitive skill enhancement dominated intervention strategies (52.8%), followed by computer-based rehabilitation (26.4%). Publication frequency showed consistent annual growth, peaking at 57 studies in 2024. Sample sizes were comparable between APD and CAPD studies (mean difference = 4.2 cases, t = 0.416, p = 0.679). Environmental modifications appeared in 15.1% of interventions, while speech therapy was reported in only 3.8% of studies. Conclusions: The substantial imbalance between medical and rehabilitative interventions necessitates standardized diagnostic protocols and enhanced multidisciplinary collaboration. Implementation of a hierarchical processing framework is recommended for assessment and treatment. Future research should prioritize large-scale controlled trials and unified diagnostic criteria development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T12:20:01Z","timestamp":1742991601000},"page":"2256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Auditory Processing Disorders: Navigating the Diagnostic Maze of Central Hearing Losses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3485-3074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Gitto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Ald\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8116-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Zanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7514-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Di Berardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2023\u20132027, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJA-21-00007","article-title":"An Objective Approach Toward Understanding Auditory Processing Disorder","volume":"30","author":"Maggu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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