{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T03:30:04Z","timestamp":1782703804971,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Warsaw\u2019s statutory fundings"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting in bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor, as well as numerous non-motor symptoms. Malnutrition in PD is correlated with levodopa-induced dyskinesia, decreased food intake, gastrointestinal symptoms and neurodegenerative processes. With disease progression, oral levodopa treatment becomes insufficient. One of the therapies used in advanced PD is levodopa\u2013carbidopa intestinal gel. Its effect on the weight and nutrition of PD patients is poorly understood. The aim of this prospective single-center observational cohort study was to assess the effect of this treatment on weight, body composition and biochemical parameter changes over a two-year-long observation. The mood, cognition and motor status of the patients were also assessed. Methods: This study included 15 patients with advanced PD treated with levodopa\u2013carbidopa intestinal gel. Body composition analysis, anthropometric measurements, blood tests, psychological assessments and disease control measurements were carried out over a span of two years after the initiation of therapy. Results: Significant improvement in disease management was observed. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters and psychological assessments did not show significant differences. Among the body composition parameters, only resting metabolic rate and extracellular and intracellular water percentages were significantly affected. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a lack of negative effects of levodopa\u2013carbidopa intestinal gel treatment on weight loss in patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease in a 2-year long observation period. Furthermore, better disease management may result in a lower energy expenditure due to less time with dyskinesia. The limitations of our study include a small study group and limited follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T13:36:49Z","timestamp":1743169009000},"page":"2321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Shaping Outcomes: Levodopa\u2013Carbidopa Intestinal Gel Treatment and Nutrition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Prospective Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Figura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8 Street, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5557-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Chaberska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8 Street, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4197-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Milanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8 Street, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Milewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Cio\u0142ka 27 Street, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Koziorowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8 Street, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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