{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:39:39Z","timestamp":1789907979094,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Young adulthood is a demanding developmental stage, in that individuals are often faced with making major and long-lasting decisions related to career and family. This is also a heightened time of mental health difficulties. There is recent evidence that cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS; previously sluggish cognitive tempo) may also be more prevalent in young adults and associated with poorer functioning. However, the relation between CDS symptoms and anxiety, depression, stress, and insomnia remains insufficiently investigated among young adults. Given this, the aims of the present study were as follows: (1) to investigate the associations between CDS and symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia; (2) to investigate if and which dimensions of ill-being were more robustly related to higher CDS scores; (3) to explore if stress scores moderated the associations between CDS symptoms and insomnia; and (4) to explore if higher insomnia categories were associated with higher CDS scores. Methods: A total of 246 young adult students in Switzerland (mean age = 22.62; 56.3% females) completed a booklet of questionnaires covering socio-demographic information, cognitive disengagement syndrome (Adult Concentration Inventory; ACI), and symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia as part of this cross-sectional study. Results: Higher CDS scores on the ACI were associated with higher scores for depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia. Depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia were independently associated with higher scores for CDS. Higher categories of stress moderated the associations between higher CDS scores and higher insomnia. Higher insomnia categories were related to higher CDS scores. Conclusions: The present data showed that among a small sample of young adult students, higher CDS scores were associated with higher psychological ill-being (depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia). If we consider CDS as a trait, specific performance-enhancing medication or psychotherapeutic interventions might favorably influence dimensions of psychological ill-being such as depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T02:50:16Z","timestamp":1743389416000},"page":"2362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and Psychological Ill-Being in Young Adults Using the Adult Concentration Inventory (ACI)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dena","family":"Sadeghi-Bahmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larina","family":"Eisenhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2166-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Mikoteit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Psychiatric Services Solothurn, University of Basel, 4503 Solothurn, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Helfenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Science Section, Department of Sport and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4704-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette Beatrix","family":"Br\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1552-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"D\u00fcrsteler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Substance Use Disorders, Psychiatric University Clinics, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Sport Science Section, Department of Sport and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Health Institute, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417466191, Iran"},{"name":"Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Center of Competence of Disaster Medicine of the Swiss Armed Forces, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Havighurst, R.J. 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