{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:33:45Z","timestamp":1788881625696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous group of sleep-related breathing disorders characterized by intermittent absence of respiratory effort during sleep. CSA results from impaired neurological signaling from the respiratory centers to the respiratory muscles, leading to airflow cessation for at least 10 s. Major causes include heart failure, opioid use, central neurological disorders, and altitude exposure. This review outlines the pathophysiology of CSA, emphasizing ventilatory instability and brainstem dysfunction as key mechanisms. It details the classification of CSA subtypes, including Cheyne\u2013Stokes respiration, high-altitude CSA, and drug-induced CSA. Clinical manifestations range from excessive daytime sleepiness to cardiovascular complications. Diagnostic approaches encompass polygraphy, polysomnography, and various laboratory tests to evaluate comorbidities. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, addressing underlying conditions while utilizing positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy, adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), supplemental oxygen, and pharmacological interventions. Newer modalities, such as phrenic nerve stimulation, offer promising outcomes for CSA management. This review underscores the necessity of an individualized, interdisciplinary strategy to improve patient outcomes in CSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T02:50:16Z","timestamp":1743389416000},"page":"2369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Central Sleep Apnea in Adults: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Management\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alp\u00e1r","family":"Csipor Fodor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, County Emergency Hospital Miercurea-Ciuc, 530173 Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0882-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drago\u0219","family":"Hu\u021banu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540139 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7785-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina Eugenia","family":"Budin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology Department, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540139 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Beatrice","family":"Iano\u0219i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Clinic, Mure\u0219 County Clinical Hospital, 540011 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia Liana","family":"Rachi\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Clinic, Mure\u0219 County Clinical Hospital, 540011 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9di-Katalin","family":"S\u00e1rk\u00f6zi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540139 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1695-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara Andreea","family":"Vultur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540139 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1990-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Jimborean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540139 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simmonds, A., and de Backer, W. 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