{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:06:51Z","timestamp":1760058411004,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Comparing the clinical outcomes of glomus tympanicum (GT) resections by transcanal endoscopic ear surgery (TEES), microscopic- and endoscopic-assisted microscopic approaches. Methods: Adult patients conducting exclusive operations for GT within the tympanomastoid cavity were recruited in this retrospective cohort study at five international tertiary referral centers. GT resections were conducted by TEES, microscopic- and endoscopic-assisted microscopic approaches based on modified Fisch\u2013Mattox classifications. Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 46 patients were included. A longer operative time was seen in more advanced GTs (A1: 106.73 \u00b1 9.33 min, A2: 133.21 \u00b1 13.47 min, B1: 176.88 \u00b1 18.69 min, p = 0.005), while no significant differences were observed in the mean operative times among various surgical approaches. Preoperatively, 89.1% of patients experienced pulsatile tinnitus, and 56.5% exhibited conductive hearing loss. Postoperatively, only one patient continued to experience tinnitus (p &lt; 0.001), and two patients had persistent hearing loss (p &lt; 0.001). Higher disease grades correlated with poorer preoperative air-conduction thresholds (p = 0.015), while the differences in air-conduction thresholds before and after surgery did not demonstrate statistical significance across different tumor stages (p = 0.894) and surgical approaches (p = 0.257). The median follow-up period was 4 years, and only one recurrent case was found (2.2%, 1\/46), which was treated by TEES and involved a B1 glomus tumor. Conclusions: Similar and excellent surgical outcomes were found among the TEES and microscope- and endoscopic-assisted microscopic approaches in early-stage GTs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T03:25:02Z","timestamp":1743391502000},"page":"2388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Outcome of Endoscopic and Endoscopic-Assisted Microscopic Removal of Glomus Tympanicum: A Multicenter Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5952-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waitsz","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"},{"name":"Institute of Human Communicative Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6480-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Badr-El-Dine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, ENT Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, University Medical City, Muscat 123, Oman"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21561, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5230-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Al Zaabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, ENT Division, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, University Medical City, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3211-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinzhang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Cornu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, H\u00f4pital Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Kania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lariboisi\u00e8re Hospital, University of Paris Cit\u00e9, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael Chi Fai","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"},{"name":"Institute of Human Communicative Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-004-2154-z","article-title":"Paragangliomas of the head and neck: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"4","author":"Boedeker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam. 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