{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:07:28Z","timestamp":1788563248272,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia","award":["VU_2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VU_2020"]}]},{"name":"Amsterdam Movement Sciences (AMS, innovation program)","award":["VU_2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VU_2020"]}]},{"name":"Lab Fund_2022 of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands","award":["VU_2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VU_2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The complex pathophysiology of painful cervical radiculopathy is only partially understood. Neuroimmune activation in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord is assumed to underlie the genesis of radicular pain. Molecular positron emission tomography (PET) using the radiotracer [11C]DPA713, which targets the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), offers the ability to quantify neuroinflammation in humans in vivo. The primary objectives of this study were to (1) assess whether uptake of [11C]DPA713, a metric of neuroinflammation, is higher in the neuroforamina and spinal cord of patients with painful cervical radiculopathy compared with that in pain-free participants and (2) assess whether [11C]DPA713 uptake is associated with clinical parameters, such as pain intensity. Methods: Dynamic 60 min [11C]DPA713 PET\/CT scans were acquired, and regions of interest were defined for neuroforamina and spinal cord. Resulting time-activity curves were fitted to a single-tissue compartment model using an image-derived input function, corrected for plasma-to-whole blood ratios and parent fractions, to obtain the volume of distribution (VT) as the primary outcome measure. Secondary neuroinflammation metrics included 1T2k VT without metabolite correction (1T2k_WB) and Logan VT. Results: The results indicated elevated levels of 1T2k VT at the neuroforamina (p &lt; 0.04) but not at the spinal cord (p = 0.16). Neuroforamina and spinal cord 1T2k VT lack associations with clinical parameters. Secondary neuroinflammatory metrics show associations with clinical parameters such as the likelihood of neuropathic pain. Conclusions: These findings enhance our understanding of painful cervical radiculopathy\u2019s pathophysiology, emphasizing the neuroforamina levels of neuroinflammation as a potential therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T07:47:44Z","timestamp":1743580064000},"page":"2420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neuroinflammation at the Neuroforamina and Spinal Cord in Patients with Painful Cervical Radiculopathy and Pain-Free Participants: An [11C]DPA713 PET\/CT Proof-of-Concept Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6524-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo J.","family":"Lutke Schipholt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences\u2014Program Musculoskeletal Health, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2293-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan A.","family":"Koop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences\u2014Program Musculoskeletal Health, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-4408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel W.","family":"Coppieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences\u2014Program Musculoskeletal Health, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsmarieke M.","family":"van de Giessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriaan A.","family":"Lammerstma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastiaan C.","family":"ter Meulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, OLVG Amsterdam, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Amsterdam Movement Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 9713 GZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Vleggeert-Lankamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZG Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart N.M.","family":"van Berckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"Bot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"van Helvoirt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stichting Rugpoli, 7491 HP Delden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3618-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R.","family":"Depauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, 5022 GC Tilburg, The 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