{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:08:15Z","timestamp":1773263295604,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Graymatters Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) manifests through distinct symptom clusters that can respond differently to treatments. Neurofeedback guided by the Amygdala-derived-EEG-fMRI-Pattern (Amyg-EFP-NF) has been utilized to train PTSD patients to regulate amygdala-related activity and decrease symptoms. Methods: We conducted a combined analysis of 128 PTSD patients from three clinical trials of Amyg-EFP-NF to evaluate effects across symptom clusters (as assessed by CAPS-5 subscales) and on emotion regulation processing (evaluated by the ERQ). Results: Amyg-EFP-NF significantly reduced severity across all PTSD symptom clusters immediately post-treatment, with improvements maintained at three-month follow-up. The arousal and reactivity cluster showed continued significant improvement during follow-up. Combined effect sizes were large (\u03b72p = 0.23\u20130.35) across all symptom clusters. Regression analysis revealed that emotion regulation processes significantly explained 17% of the variance in symptom improvement during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Reduction of PTSD symptoms following Amyg-EFP-NF occurs across all symptom clusters, with emotional regulation processes potentially serving as an underlying mechanism of action. These results support Amyg-EFP-NF as a comprehensive treatment approach for PTSD that continues to show benefits after treatment completion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T04:06:05Z","timestamp":1743566765000},"page":"2421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Amygdala EFP Neurofeedback Effects on PTSD Symptom Clusters and Emotional Regulation Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0116-4210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadav","family":"Goldental","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8128-2430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raz","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Amital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon 7830604, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiran V.","family":"Harel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Be\u2019er Ya\u2019akov Mental Health Center, Be\u2019er Ya\u2019akov 70350, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talma","family":"Hendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"GrayMatters Health Ltd., Haifa 3303403, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aron","family":"Tendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GrayMatters Health Ltd., Haifa 3303403, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liora","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GrayMatters Health Ltd., Haifa 3303403, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitri","family":"Lavro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GrayMatters Health Ltd., Haifa 3303403, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Harmelech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GrayMatters Health Ltd., Haifa 3303403, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shulamit","family":"Grinapol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitsa","family":"Nacasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clalit Health Services Community Division, Ramat-Chen Brull Mental Health Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6719709, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Fruchter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR Collective and the Brus Rappaport Medical Faculty of the Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x","article-title":"Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population","volume":"111","author":"Frans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. 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