{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:31:32Z","timestamp":1789680692181,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with negative effects on bone health, potentially leading to reduced bone mass, altered geometry, and impaired mechanical strength. However, the extent of these changes and possible pharmacological interventions remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of PTSD on bone properties and evaluate the therapeutic potential of CE-123 in mitigating PTSD-induced skeletal deterioration. Additionally, we examined the effects of CE-123 on healthy bone to determine its broader influence on skeletal integrity and growth. Methods: We conducted an experiment using female Wistar rats divided into four groups: Control, PTSD, Control+CE-123, and PTSD+CE-123. PTSD was induced using a validated stress paradigm, and CE-123 was administered to evaluate its effects on bone properties. Morphometric, densitometric, and mechanical parameters of the tibia and femur were analyzed, along with growth plate measurements to assess potential effects on skeletal development. Results: PTSD led to significant reductions in bone mineral density, bone mass, and mechanical properties, particularly in cortical thickness and relative bone weight, suggesting increased bone fragility. CE-123 treatment in PTSD-exposed rats prevented some of these adverse effects but did not fully restore bone integrity. In healthy rats, CE-123 increased bone length and growth plate size, particularly in the proliferative and resting zones, indicating a stimulatory effect on bone growth. Conclusions: PTSD negatively affects bone structure and mechanical strength, while CE-123 shows a potential to mitigate these effects. However, its influence on healthy bones raises questions about its long-term impact on skeletal development. Further studies are needed to evaluate CE-123\u2019s clinical applicability and safety, particularly in younger populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:43:33Z","timestamp":1743572613000},"page":"2427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of PTSD-Induced Alterations in Bone Biomechanics and the Protective Potential of CE-123 in a Wistar Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5630-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezary","family":"Osiak-Wicha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4118-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siemowit","family":"Muszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Grochecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4178-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta H.","family":"Kotli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tymoteusz","family":"S\u0142owik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Medicine Center, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u015awietlicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7200-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Arciszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurology Ward, The University Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert","family":"Lubec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin B.","family":"Arciszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Friedman, H.S., and Markey, C.H. 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