{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:52:41Z","timestamp":1791924761909,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha subunit and IL-13, has markedly advanced the treatment of atopic conditions such as dermatitis, asthma, and chronic rhinosinusitis. However, its expanding use has brought increased attention to a range of ocular adverse events\u2014conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, corneal ulcers, and cicatricial conjunctivitis\u2014that remain underrecognized and frequently underestimated in clinical practice. These manifestations often emerge in patients with atopic dermatitis and display varying severity, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Rather than isolated phenomena, these effects appear to stem from a complex interplay of goblet cell depletion, mucin deficiency, immune dysregulation, and microbiome alterations, including Demodex proliferation. Current management strategies remain largely empirical, lacking standardized protocols, and are often guided by anecdotal evidence. In this review, we critically appraise the existing literature, synthesize emerging pathogenic hypotheses, and highlight the unmet clinical need for evidence-based treatment algorithms. We advocate for a multidisciplinary approach and future research aimed at elucidating mechanisms, refining risk stratification, and minimizing ocular toxicity without compromising the therapeutic benefits of dupilumab. Furthermore, we intend to provide a more practical and straightforward resource for the reader based on the current literature on approaching the topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1744003859000},"page":"2487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Ocular Side Effects of Dupilumab: A Comprehensive Overview of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Boscia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Spataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1942-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Desantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pharmacology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2293-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Giovanni","family":"Solimando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4567-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Vacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1515-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Ria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Savastano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Libera Universit\u00e0 Mediterranea Degennaro, 70010 Casamassima, Italy"},{"name":"Ospedale Generale Regionale F. Miulli, 70021 Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.05.008","article-title":"The Ocular Surface Ocular Surface Disease Associated with Dupilumab Treatment for Atopic Diseases","volume":"19","author":"Asli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"532","article-title":"Dupilumab (Dupixent): An Interleukin-4 Receptor Antagonist for Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"43","author":"Pisano","year":"2018","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1314768","article-title":"Dupilumab Treatment in Adults with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"371","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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