{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:03:59Z","timestamp":1791947039238,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The coronavirus\u2013caused disease (COVID-19), first identified in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide becoming a global pandemic. Although people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus presented mainly respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, an increase in cardiovascular incidents was observed in several scientific studies. SARS-CoV-2 virus has been shown to disrupt the normal immune response leading to a dysregulation of immune system function and massive production of inflammatory cytokines commonly known as \u201ccytokine storm\u201d. Methods: 57 patients eventually participated in the study, assigned to non\u2013COVID (24 patients) and COVID (33 patients) groups. After signing consent to participate in the study, each patient was given a self\u2013administered questionnaire to fill out prior to specimen collection, anthropometric measurements were taken and venous blood was collected for the following determinations: pro- and anti\u2013inflammatory cytokines using a Bio\u2013Plex 200 system, oxidative stress markers and basic hematological blood parameters. Results: showed statistically significant higher values of IL\u20131Ra and IL\u20131\u03b2 in the COVID-19 group. Of the oxidative stress markers, only MDA levels were higher in the COVID-19 group. Conclusions: the results of our study provide evidence and support the occurrence of elevated levels of IL\u20131Ra, IL\u20131\u03b2 and MDA in the COVID-19 group of patients, which are associated with a worse course and prognosis of COVID-19. A better understanding of the pathophysiology and dysregulation of the immune system associated with the cytokine storm is essential to select patients at risk and develop effective drugs and vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1744003859000},"page":"2489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Elevated Levels of IL\u20131Ra, IL\u20131\u03b2, and Oxidative Stress in COVID-19: Implications for Inflammatory Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2881-508X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Marczewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3700-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celina","family":"Wojciechowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4250-8235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Marczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Plac Medyk\u00f3w 1, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gospodarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-5162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Dolibog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8216-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenon","family":"Czuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Wr\u00f3bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory of Teresa Fryda Katowice, Katowice, Laboratory Branch in Specialist Hospital in Zabrze, 10, M.C-Sk\u0142odowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3879-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Zalejska-Fiolka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. 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