{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:18:42Z","timestamp":1783030722727,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Capillary tortuosity is a morphological variant of microcirculation. However, the mechanisms by which tortuous vessels meet metabolic requirements in health and disease remain unknown. We recently reported that capillary tortuosity score (CTS) is significantly higher in patients with septic shock than in steady-state individuals, and that CTS is significantly associated with alveolar-to-arterial oxygen (A-a O2) gradient and oxygen debt in septic shock patients. Objective: We aimed to investigate the characteristics of the magnetic fields in the sublingual microcirculation of individuals with normal physiology and patients with septic shock. Methods: Systemic hemodynamics were recorded, and sublingual microcirculation was monitored using sidestream dark field (SDF+) imaging. The number of capillary red blood cells (NRBC), the intensity of the magnetic field of a red blood cell (HRBC), the intensity of the magnetic field of each capillary (HCAP), and the intensity with which the magnetic field of a capillary acts on an RBC (FCAP) were calculated. Results: Significant differences in macro- and microhemodynamic variables were observed between the two groups. Although NRBC was significantly higher in individuals with steady-state physiology [87.4 (87.12) vs. 12.23 (6.9)], HRBC was significantly stronger in patients with septic shock [5.9 \u00d7 10\u221216 (6.9 \u00d7 10\u221216) A m\u22121 vs. 1.6 \u00d7 10\u221215 (1.4 \u00d7 10\u221215) A m\u22121]. No significant difference was observed in HCAP [2.16 \u00d7 10\u221214 (2.17 \u00d7 10\u221214) A m\u22121 vs. 1.34 \u00d7 10\u221214 (1.23 \u00d7 10\u221214) A m\u22121] and FCAP [1.66 \u00d7 10\u221224 (3.36 \u00d7 10\u221224) A m\u22121 vs. 6.44 \u00d7 10\u221225 (1.1 \u00d7 10\u221224) A m\u22121] between the two groups. In patients with septic shock, HRBC was associated with De Backer score (rho = \u22120.608) and venous\u2013arterial carbon dioxide difference (rho = 0.569). In the same group, HCAP was associated with convective oxygen flow (rho = 0.790) and oxygen extraction ratio (rho = \u22120.596). Also, FCAP was significantly associated with base deficit (rho = 0.701), A-a O2 gradient (rho = 0.658), and oxygen debt (rho = \u22120.769). Conclusions: Despite the microcirculatory impairment in patients with septic shock, HRBC was significantly stronger in that group than in steady-state individuals. Also, HCAP and FCAP were comparable between the two groups. Tortuous vessels may function as biomagnetic coils that amplify RBC-induced magnetic fields, enhancing perfusion and oxygenation of adjacent tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1744003859000},"page":"2496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["On the Intensity of the Microvascular Magnetic Field in Normal State and Septic Shock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-4665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Chalkias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA"},{"name":"OUTCOMES RESEARCH Consortium<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Piraeus \u201cTzaneio\u201d, 18536 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalkias, A., and Xenos, M. 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