{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T12:33:56Z","timestamp":1791722036912,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]],"date-time":"2025-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Trauma is a psychological injury resulting from a distressing or overwhelming event. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been disruptive and traumatic for many people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The relationship between patient characteristics and trauma in pwMS during the pandemic has not yet been thoroughly explored. The aim of this bicentric prospective cohort study was to analyze the prevalence and development of probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among pwMS during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and to identify patient parameters associated with this condition. Methods: We have assessed pwMS for probable PTSD before and after the approval of the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Germany using an adapted version of the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ). We compared pwMS with probable PTSD (TSQ sum score \u2265 6) with those without probable PTSD (TSQ sum score &lt; 6) regarding sociodemographic and MS-specific clinical characteristics, polypharmacy status, comorbidities, anxiety\/depression levels, personality traits, mental\/physical\/social burden, and general vaccination willingness. Results: Out of the 149 pwMS included, 8.1% were identified as having probable PTSD. These patients had significantly higher rates of pre-pandemic abnormal anxiety (66.7% vs. 18.5%, p &lt; 0.001) and depression scores (45.5% vs. 12.6%, p = 0.013). The patients with probable PTSD exhibited a distinct personality profile, with significantly higher neuroticism and harm avoidance scores and lower conscientiousness, cooperativeness, and self-directedness scores. They were also significantly more likely to report severe or very severe mental\/physical\/social burdens during the pandemic compared to those without probable PTSD (p \u2264 0.045). Conclusions: Medical and social services should be provided to support patients who experienced serious stress or trauma. The development of concepts for education and vaccination procedures should be accompanied by comprehensive and clear communication that recognizes individual risk factors and addresses possible concerns with evidence-based and convincing arguments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14082665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T04:42:07Z","timestamp":1744605727000},"page":"2665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trauma Burden Affected People with Multiple Sclerosis During SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicita","family":"Heidler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, 99974 M\u00fchlhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7015-3094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Frahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Baldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, 99974 M\u00fchlhausen, Germany"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Streckenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, 99974 M\u00fchlhausen, Germany"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Mei\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, 99974 M\u00fchlhausen, Germany"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Burian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, 99974 M\u00fchlhausen, Germany"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8286-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvan Elias","family":"Langhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pegah","family":"Mashhadiakbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, 99974 M\u00fchlhausen, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe Klaus","family":"Zettl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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